Physiology (Nervous System)

Question 1

Most neurons consist of three distinct components: the branch-like _____ recieved information from other cells and conduct it toward the _____, which integrates information and passes it onto the _______

Answer 1

dendrites; cell body (soma); axon

Question 2

Mst neurons have a single axon that divides into numerous branches (collaterals), and many axons are covered by a myelin sheath that is made up of _____ cells

Answer 2

glial

Question 3

Conduction of information within neurons is an ______ process

Answer 3

electrical

Question 4

with sufficient stimulation, the interior of the neuron becomes less negative and triggers and ______, which operates on the ____ principle

Answer 4

action potential; all-or-none

Question 5

Communication between neurons usually involves the release of a ______ by the presynaptic cell into the synaptic cleft

Answer 5

neurotransmitter

Question 6

In the peripheral nervous system, the neurotransmitter _____ is released into the neuromuscular junction, where is causes muscles to contract; and, in the central nervous system, it’s involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and learning and memory

Answer 6

ACh (acetylcholine)

Question 7

_____ plays a role in Schizophrenia and is involved in the regulation of movement and has been linked to several disorders with prominent motor symptoms including Tourettes Disorder and Parkinson’s disease

Answer 7

Dopamine

Question 8

Elevated levels of ______ contribute to Schizophrenia, Autistic disorder, and food restrictions associated with Anorexia Nervosa, while low levels play a role in aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia Nervosa, PTSD, and OCD

Answer 8

serotonin

Question 9

Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety by enhancing the effects of ________

Answer 9

GABA

Question 10

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. The consequences of damage to the spinal cord depends on its location and extent. For example, complete transection at the cervical level results in ______, while damage at the thoracic level causes _______

Answer 10

quadriplegia; paraplegia

Question 11

The brain and spinal cord are protected by three minenges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Accumulation of CSF in the ______ as the result of an obstruction can cause _______

Answer 11

cerebral ventricles; hydrocephalus

Question 12

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the _____ nervous system, which carries information between the CNS and the body’s sensory systems and skeletal muscles, and the _______ nervous system, which regulates the activities of the visceral muscles and glands.

Answer 12

somatic; autonomic

Question 13

The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions: the ______ branch prepares the body for “fight or flight,” while the _______ branch is associated with the conservation of energy and states of rest and relaxation

Answer 13

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 14

The development of the CNS involves five stages: during the _____ stage, each cell moves to its ultimate destination in the nervous system

Answer 14

migration

Question 15

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide information on the ______ of the brain, while _____, SPECT, and fMRI provide information on the brain’s _____ activities

Answer 15

structure; PET; functional

Question 16

Hydrocephalus involves which of the following structures?

Answer 16

cerebral ventricles

Question 17

Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia has been most consistently linked to abnormal levels of which of the following neurotransmitters?

Answer 17

acetylcholine
(Acetylcholine (ACh) has been implicated in memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia. More specifically, degeneration of cholinergic (ACh) cells in the entorhinal cortex and other areas that communicate directly with the hippocampus has been linked to this disorder.)

Question 18

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) serves as an index of neural activity when using which of the following techniques?

Answer 18

PET

Question 19

Spinal cord injury at the sacral level will cause:

Answer 19

loss of functioning in the hips and legs.

Question 20

The all-or-none principle applies to what?

Answer 20

action potential

Question 21

Which of the following is most likely to be useful for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Answer 21

a drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin
(The SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin at nerve synapses and have been found to be effective for treating a number of disorders including OCD.)