Physiology (Nervous System) Flashcards
Most neurons consist of three distinct components: the branch-like _____ recieved information from other cells and conduct it toward the _____, which integrates information and passes it onto the _______
dendrites; cell body (soma); axon
Mst neurons have a single axon that divides into numerous branches (collaterals), and many axons are covered by a myelin sheath that is made up of _____ cells
glial
Conduction of information within neurons is an ______ process
electrical
with sufficient stimulation, the interior of the neuron becomes less negative and triggers and ______, which operates on the ____ principle
action potential; all-or-none
Communication between neurons usually involves the release of a ______ by the presynaptic cell into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter
In the peripheral nervous system, the neurotransmitter _____ is released into the neuromuscular junction, where is causes muscles to contract; and, in the central nervous system, it’s involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and learning and memory
ACh (acetylcholine)
_____ plays a role in Schizophrenia and is involved in the regulation of movement and has been linked to several disorders with prominent motor symptoms including Tourettes Disorder and Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine
Elevated levels of ______ contribute to Schizophrenia, Autistic disorder, and food restrictions associated with Anorexia Nervosa, while low levels play a role in aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia Nervosa, PTSD, and OCD
serotonin
Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety by enhancing the effects of ________
GABA
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. The consequences of damage to the spinal cord depends on its location and extent. For example, complete transection at the cervical level results in ______, while damage at the thoracic level causes _______
quadriplegia; paraplegia
The brain and spinal cord are protected by three minenges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Accumulation of CSF in the ______ as the result of an obstruction can cause _______
cerebral ventricles; hydrocephalus
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the _____ nervous system, which carries information between the CNS and the body’s sensory systems and skeletal muscles, and the _______ nervous system, which regulates the activities of the visceral muscles and glands.
somatic; autonomic
The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions: the ______ branch prepares the body for “fight or flight,” while the _______ branch is associated with the conservation of energy and states of rest and relaxation
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The development of the CNS involves five stages: during the _____ stage, each cell moves to its ultimate destination in the nervous system
migration
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide information on the ______ of the brain, while _____, SPECT, and fMRI provide information on the brain’s _____ activities
structure; PET; functional
Hydrocephalus involves which of the following structures?
cerebral ventricles
Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia has been most consistently linked to abnormal levels of which of the following neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine
(Acetylcholine (ACh) has been implicated in memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia. More specifically, degeneration of cholinergic (ACh) cells in the entorhinal cortex and other areas that communicate directly with the hippocampus has been linked to this disorder.)
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) serves as an index of neural activity when using which of the following techniques?
PET
Spinal cord injury at the sacral level will cause:
loss of functioning in the hips and legs.
The all-or-none principle applies to what?
action potential
Which of the following is most likely to be useful for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
a drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin
(The SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin at nerve synapses and have been found to be effective for treating a number of disorders including OCD.)
