Lifespan (Language development)

Question 1

The nativist approach attributes language acquisition to _______ mechanisms

Answer 1

biological

Question 2

Chomsky proposes the existence of an innate ______ that makes it possible for a person to acquire language after being exposed to it. In contrast, the ______ approach views language development as being due to a combination of biological and environmental factors

Answer 2

language acquisition device (LAD); interactionist

Question 3

_______ bootstrapping refers to a child’s use of his/her knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their grammatical structure.

Answer 3

semantic

Question 4

Linguists distinguish between two types of sounds: ______ are the smallest units of sound understood in a language, while _____ are the smallest units of sound that convey meaning

Answer 4

phonemes; morphemes

Question 5

Infants initially produce three distinct patterns of crying: a hunger cry, and angry cry, and a ______ cry

Answer 5

pain

Question 6

By four months of age, infants begin babbling, which involves the repetition of single _____ sounds

Answer 6

consonant-vowel

Question 7

from one to two years of age, children use one word to express whole phrases or sentences. This ______ speech is followed by telegraphic speech, which emerges at about _____ months of age and involves stringing tow or more words together to make a _______

Answer 7

holophrastic; 18-24; sentence

Question 8

Children usually exhibit a number of errors during the course of language development. For example, ______ occurs when a child applies a word to a wider collection of objects or events than is appropriate

Answer 8

overextension

Question 9

Research has identified several consistent gender differences in language use: In conversations, males talk for longer intervals and are more likely to _______, while females are more likely to ______

Answer 9

interrupt; ask questions

Question 10

There is evidence that learning a second-language is best when it begins in ______

Answer 10

childhood

Question 11

Overall, studies on bilingual education suggests that language-minority children who participate in high quality programs do _______ those who participate in English-only programs in terms of English skills and knowledge of subject matter

Answer 11

as well as or better than

Question 12

For most children, babbling narrows to the sounds of the child’s native language between _____ months of age.

Answer 12

9 and 14

Question 13

Investigators have found that newborns exhibit three types of cries – the hungry (basic) cry, the angry cry, and the pain cry. They have also found that, by _____ months of age, most infants begin to emit a “fussy” or irregular cry.

Answer 13

1 to 2

Question 14

Research on bilingualism suggests that it:

Answer 14

has beneficial effects on children’s cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness in the elementary school years but that these effects may not persist into adolescence.

Question 15

Studies examining language acquisition in children have shown that the fastest rate of increase in vocabulary typically occurs between the ages of:

Answer 15

30 and 36 months

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a morpheme?

a. un
b. th
c. di-di
d. cuh

Answer 16

un