Lifespan (Attachment, Emotion, Moral Development) Flashcards
Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys found that ______ is more important for attachment than oral gratification
contact comfort
Bowlby proposed that there is a ______ period for attachment and that, as a result of their experiences during this period, children develop an ______ model that influences their future relationships
critical; internal working
By about _____ months of age, children’s attachment behaviours are directed primarily toward primary caregivers.
6-7
Most babies exhibit separation anxiety by 6 to 8 months of age; and this is followed, at 8-10 months, by ______ anxiety
stranger
In the strange situation, a(n) ______ attached youngster is upset by his mother’s absence and actively seeks her comfort when she returns. In contrast, a(n) ______ child shows little distress when his mother leaves and may ignore her when she returns
securely; insecure/avoidant
About 80% of infants who have been mistreated by their caregivers exhibit a(n) ______ attachment pattern
resistant/ambivalent
Children separated from their primary caregiver prior to _____ of age usually show few negative consequences, while those who are ____ of age or older often exhibit disturbances in feeding and sleep, social withdrawal, and either physical rejection of the new caregiver or excessive clinging
three months; nine months
Research on the intergenerational effects of attachment has found that parents who are categorized as dismissing on the AAI are most likely to have children who exhibit a(n) _____ attachment pattern in the strange situation, while those who are categorized as preoccupied are most likely to have children with a(n) _______ attachment pattern
avoidant; resistant/ambivalent
Babies usually express the _____ emotions of interest, sadness, disgust, and distress soon after birth and the self-conscious emotions of jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment by ___ months of age
basic; 18-24
Patterson and his colleagues attribute high levels of aggressiveness in children to _____ interactions between children and their parents and poor _____ of children’s activities and have have developed the Oregon model of ________ that involves teaching parents effective parenting skills
coercive; parental monitoring; parent management training
Aggressive behaviour has also been linked to several social-cognitive factors including a ______ bias, which is the tendency to interpret the positive or ambiguous actions of others as intentionally hostile
hostile attribution
Piaget’s theory of moral development distinguishes between heteronomous and autonomous stages of morality. In the former, moral judgements are based primarily on that act’s ______; in the latter, the actors’ ______
consequences; intentions
Kholberg’s theory of moral development predicts a universal, invariant sequence of three levels: at the ______ level, moral judgments are based on the desire to avoid punishment or obtain rewards. This is followed by the _______ level, in which judgements are contingent on social approval or rules and laws established by legitimate authorities. Finally, at the ______ level, moral judgements are based on democratically-determined laws or universal principles
preconventional; conventional; postconventional
Gilligan criticized Kholberg’s theory on the ground that it applies to males who focus on justice and ______ when making moral judgements than to females who focus more on caring and responsibility to others
individual rights
A child in Piaget’s autonomous stage of moral development will base his judgment of whether an act is “right” or “wrong” primarily on:
the actor’s intentions
