I/O Psych (Historical Background, Motivation, Satisfaction) Flashcards
An early approach to management theory was Taylor’s notion of _________, which emphasizes breaking job into component parts, having each employee perform a single component, and relying primarily on _______ to motivate employees
scientific management; economic rewards (pay)
The _____ approach acknowledges the impact of social relationships on productivity and morale, especially the role of _______ norms
human relations; informal work group
The Hawthorne studies found that employees performed better during the course of the research because of the attention they recieved as ________
research participants
McGregor distinguished between Theory X and Theory Y managers and proposed that a ______ approach is most effective because it adopts a more positive view of workers and assumes they are capable of self-_________
Theory Y; control and direction
Maslow’s theory proposes that needs are arranged in a _____ and that higher-level needs act as ______ only when lower-level needs have been satisfied
hierarchy; motivators
In order from lowest to highest, Maslow’s 5 needs are:
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
For McClelland, the need for achievement is an important determinant of motivation, and people high in nACH prefer _______ tasks and regard money as a source of _________
moderately difficult; feedback and recognition
Herzberg’s ______ theory addresses both motivation and satisfaction. It proposes that dissatisfaction and satisfaction are independent factors and that dissatisfaction is affected by ______ factors, while satisfaction and motivation are related to the availability of ________ factors
two-factor; hygiene; motivator
Herzberg’s theory predicts that workers will be maximally motivated if they are provided with _______ jobs, which give employees a high degree of autonomy, responsibility, and control
enriched
Job _______ involves increasing a job’s horizontal loading only and may help alleviate boredom but is not likely to have significant effect on satisfaction or motivation
enlargement
Goal-setting theory predicts that workers will be maximally motivated when they have consciously ______ work goals; when goals are specific and moderately _______; and when workers are provided with _______ about their progress toward achieving the goals
accepted; difficult; feeback
According to equity theory, a worker’s motivation and productivity are affected by comparisons between his/her ______ and those of expectancy, instrumentality, and ________
inputs and outcomes; valence
Bandura’s social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of _______ of behaviour, which involves four processes: goals setting, self-observation, self-evaluation, and _______
self-regulation; self-reaction
Arvey et al.’s (1989) study of identical twins reared apart found that _________ percent of variability in satisfaction was due to genetic factors
30
Although the research on the effects of age gas provided inconsistent results, in general, the studies have found a _____ relationship between these two variables
positive linear
with regard to job factors, some research indicates that the ability to use one’s _____ is not only related to job satisfaction but also to turnover and physical and mental health
skills and abilities
studies on pay suggest that an employee’s ______ has a stronger impact on job satisfaction than does the actual pay level
perception of fairness and equity
job satisfaction has been associated with several consequences. Reported correlations between satisfaction and performance are generally ________
positive but low
a fairly strong inverse correlation (around -.40) has been reported for satisfaction and ________
turnover
Palmore found job satisfaction to be a better predictor of ______ than either physical health or tobacco use
longevity
Meyer and Allen distinguish between three types of organizational commitment. ofthe three, _______ commitment has been the most consistently linked to a variety of factors including turnover, absenteeism, job performance, and personal stress
affective
A colleague tells you that she is designing a study to determine the correlates of job satisfaction. Based on your knowledge of the existing research on this issue, you tell her that job satisfaction has the strongest correlation with:
turnover
A manager with a “Theory X” management philosophy would be most likely to say that her role as a manager:
is to direct and control employees in order to achieve organizational goals
For an advocate of expectancy theory, “instrumentality” refers to:
the relationship between performance and outcomes.
From the perspective of Herzberg’s two-factor theory, the relationship between pay and motivation is best described by which of the following?
Pay does not act as a motivator.
(Herzberg’s two-factor theory identifies pay as a hygiene factor. Like other hygiene factors, pay leads to dissatisfaction when it is perceived to be inadequate but produces a state of neutrality when it is adequate. To increase motivation (and satisfaction), motivator factors must be provided by the job.)
Locke’s goal-setting theory makes which of the following predictions about production goals?
Moderately difficult goals produce higher levels of performance than very difficult goals.
Many of the employees working on the assembly line at a large auto manufacturing plant have very low levels of job motivation and satisfaction. Their new supervisor, who is familiar with Herzberg’s work, is most likely to recommend that:
all employees be given more individual responsibility and autonomy
Research on goal-setting theory has found that, when workers participate in setting their own performance goals, the goals tend to be __________ goals set by the supervisor alone.
more difficult
