I/O Psych (Historical Background, Motivation, Satisfaction)

Question 1

An early approach to management theory was Taylor’s notion of _________, which emphasizes breaking job into component parts, having each employee perform a single component, and relying primarily on _______ to motivate employees

Answer 1

scientific management; economic rewards (pay)

Question 2

The _____ approach acknowledges the impact of social relationships on productivity and morale, especially the role of _______ norms

Answer 2

human relations; informal work group

Question 3

The Hawthorne studies found that employees performed better during the course of the research because of the attention they recieved as ________

Answer 3

research participants

Question 4

McGregor distinguished between Theory X and Theory Y managers and proposed that a ______ approach is most effective because it adopts a more positive view of workers and assumes they are capable of self-_________

Answer 4

Theory Y; control and direction

Question 5

Maslow’s theory proposes that needs are arranged in a _____ and that higher-level needs act as ______ only when lower-level needs have been satisfied

Answer 5

hierarchy; motivators

Question 6

In order from lowest to highest, Maslow’s 5 needs are:

Answer 6

physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 7

For McClelland, the need for achievement is an important determinant of motivation, and people high in nACH prefer _______ tasks and regard money as a source of _________

Answer 7

moderately difficult; feedback and recognition

Question 8

Herzberg’s ______ theory addresses both motivation and satisfaction. It proposes that dissatisfaction and satisfaction are independent factors and that dissatisfaction is affected by ______ factors, while satisfaction and motivation are related to the availability of ________ factors

Answer 8

two-factor; hygiene; motivator

Question 9

Herzberg’s theory predicts that workers will be maximally motivated if they are provided with _______ jobs, which give employees a high degree of autonomy, responsibility, and control

Answer 9

enriched

Question 10

Job _______ involves increasing a job’s horizontal loading only and may help alleviate boredom but is not likely to have significant effect on satisfaction or motivation

Answer 10

enlargement

Question 11

Goal-setting theory predicts that workers will be maximally motivated when they have consciously ______ work goals; when goals are specific and moderately _______; and when workers are provided with _______ about their progress toward achieving the goals

Answer 11

accepted; difficult; feeback

Question 12

According to equity theory, a worker’s motivation and productivity are affected by comparisons between his/her ______ and those of expectancy, instrumentality, and ________

Answer 12

inputs and outcomes; valence

Question 13

Bandura’s social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of _______ of behaviour, which involves four processes: goals setting, self-observation, self-evaluation, and _______

Answer 13

self-regulation; self-reaction

Question 14

Arvey et al.’s (1989) study of identical twins reared apart found that _________ percent of variability in satisfaction was due to genetic factors

Answer 14

30

Question 15

Although the research on the effects of age gas provided inconsistent results, in general, the studies have found a _____ relationship between these two variables

Answer 15

positive linear

Question 16

with regard to job factors, some research indicates that the ability to use one’s _____ is not only related to job satisfaction but also to turnover and physical and mental health

Answer 16

skills and abilities

Question 17

studies on pay suggest that an employee’s ______ has a stronger impact on job satisfaction than does the actual pay level

Answer 17

perception of fairness and equity

Question 18

job satisfaction has been associated with several consequences. Reported correlations between satisfaction and performance are generally ________

Answer 18

positive but low

Question 19

a fairly strong inverse correlation (around -.40) has been reported for satisfaction and ________

Answer 19

turnover

Question 20

Palmore found job satisfaction to be a better predictor of ______ than either physical health or tobacco use

Answer 20

longevity

Question 21

Meyer and Allen distinguish between three types of organizational commitment. ofthe three, _______ commitment has been the most consistently linked to a variety of factors including turnover, absenteeism, job performance, and personal stress

Answer 21

affective

Question 22

A colleague tells you that she is designing a study to determine the correlates of job satisfaction. Based on your knowledge of the existing research on this issue, you tell her that job satisfaction has the strongest correlation with:

Answer 22

turnover

Question 23

A manager with a “Theory X” management philosophy would be most likely to say that her role as a manager:

Answer 23

is to direct and control employees in order to achieve organizational goals

Question 24

For an advocate of expectancy theory, “instrumentality” refers to:

Answer 24

the relationship between performance and outcomes.

Question 25

From the perspective of Herzberg's two-factor theory, the relationship between pay and motivation is best described by which of the following?

Answer 25

Pay does not act as a motivator. (Herzberg's two-factor theory identifies pay as a hygiene factor. Like other hygiene factors, pay leads to dissatisfaction when it is perceived to be inadequate but produces a state of neutrality when it is adequate. To increase motivation (and satisfaction), motivator factors must be provided by the job.)

Question 26

Locke's goal-setting theory makes which of the following predictions about production goals?

Answer 26

Moderately difficult goals produce higher levels of performance than very difficult goals.

Question 27

Many of the employees working on the assembly line at a large auto manufacturing plant have very low levels of job motivation and satisfaction. Their new supervisor, who is familiar with Herzberg's work, is most likely to recommend that:

Answer 27

all employees be given more individual responsibility and autonomy

Question 28

Research on goal-setting theory has found that, when workers participate in setting their own performance goals, the goals tend to be __________ goals set by the supervisor alone.

Answer 28

more difficult