Learning Theory (Interventions Operant Conditioning) Flashcards
Positive reinforcement is most effective when the reinforcer is delivered ________ the behaviour; and up to a point, the greater the magnitude of the reinforcer, the greater its effects.
immediately after
_________ reduces the effectiveness of the reinforcement
satiation
Prompts facilitate the acquisition of a new behaviour and the gradual removal of prompts is referred to as _________
fading
Shaping, one form of positive reinforcement, involves reinforcing ______ to the desired behaviour
successive approximations
shaping shouldn’t be confused with _______, which involves establishing a sequence of responses
chaining
When using the Premack Principle, a ________ behaviour serves as a reinforcer for a behaviour that does not occur often enough; and when using ________, the target behaviour is ignored and alternative behaviours are reinforced
high frequency; differential reinforcement
Punishment is most effective when it’s applied at the ______ on the target behaviour and when it’s applied on an ________ schedule
onset; continuous
To avoid _______ punishment should be administered in moderate intensity from the start rather than beginning with a weak form and gradually increasing its intensity
habituation
it’s important to keep in mind that punishment does not eliminate behaviour, but merely ______ it
suppresses
Overcorrection consists of two procedures that can be used individually or together: ______ requires the person to overcorrect the effects of their behaviour, while _______ requires the person to practice alternative and more appropriate behaviours
restitution; positive practice
response cost entails removing a ______ each time the target behaviour occurs, while ______ involves removing all sources of reinforcement for a pre-specified period of time following the behaviour
positive reinforcer; time-out
operant extinction involves withholding reinforcement from a ________ behaviour to decrease that behaviour. To maximize its effectiveness, the reinforcement must be _______ withheld
previously reinforced; consistently
one problem with extinction is that its use may produce a temporary ______ in the target behaviour
increase (extinction burst)
A contingency contract is a formal written agreement between two or more parties about the behaviours that are to be modified and the ________ that will follow those behaviours
rewards and punishments
a token economy is a structured environment in which desirable behaviours are increased by reinforcing them with _________ reinforcers (tokens) that can be exchanged for ____ reinforcers, while undesirable behaviours are decreased by removing or withholding reinforcers.
generalized secondary; back-up (primary)
function-based interventions are derived from the results of a functional behavioural assessment, which identifies the characteristics of the target behaviour and its ________
antecedents and consequences
A chimpanzee pushes a button to turn on a tone. Once the tone sounds, the chimpanzee pulls a lever to turn on a green light. Once the green light is on, the chimpanzee slides a door open to obtain a treat. Which of the following techniques was used to teach this sequence of behaviors to the chimpanzee?
chaining
An operant technique in which all opportunities for positive reinforcement are made unavailable for a specified period of time following the performance of an undesirable behavior in order to reduce that behavior is known as:
time-out
A teacher uses verbal reprimands whenever students in his class misbehave in order to reduce their misbehavior. If the reprimands have the desired effect, they are acting as which of the following?
positive punishment
Differential reinforcement is best conceptualized as?
a combination of extinction and positive reinforcement
“Grandma’s rule” – e.g., “You must eat your string beans before you can go outside to play” – is most similar to which of the following techniques?
Premack Principle
(Use of a high-frequency behavior (going out to play) to reinforce a low-frequency behavior (eating string beans) to increase the low-frequency behavior is referred to as the Premack Principle.)
In a token economy, the tokens are:
generalized secondary reinforcers
The technique known as “overcorrection” consists of:
restitution, positive practice, and physical guidance
You would conduct a functional behavioral assessment to:
identify the antecedents and consequences that control or maintain a specific behavior.
