Abnormal Psychology (DSM-5 & Neurodevelopmental disorders)

Question 1

Unspecified disorder is coded when…

Answer 1

the clinician does not want to indicate the reason why the client’s symptoms do not meet criteria for a specific diagnosis

Question 2

provisional specifier my be used when…

Answer 2

the clinician does not currently have sufficient information for a firm diagnosis, but believes the full criteria for the diagnosis will eventually be met

Question 3

cross-cutting symptoms measures

Answer 3

• used during initial interview and during treatment to monitor progress
• provide information on mental health domains that are important across psychiatric diagnoses

Question 4

Level 1 cross-cutting symptom measures

Answer 4

-assess 13 domains for adults and 12 domains for children/adolescents and are useful for identifying areas that require additional evaluation

Question 5

Level 2 cross-cutting symptom measures

Answer 5

provide in-depth information on specific domains (e.g. anxiety, depression, substance use) to help guide diagnosis, treatment, planning, and follow up

Question 6

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule

• what is it used for?
• what are the 6 domains?

Answer 6

-used to assess level of disability in six domains: understanding and communicating, getting around, self-care, getting along with people, life activities, and participation in society

Question 7

Personality inventories measure personality traits in which 5 domains?

Answer 7

• negative affect
• detachment
• antagonism
• disinhibition
• psychoticism

Question 8

what are the 3 tools used to consider the impact of culture on diagnosis and treatment?

Answer 8

1. Outline for Cultural Formulation
2. Cultural Formulation Inventory (CFI)
3. Cultural Concepts of Distress

Question 9

Outline for Cultural Formulation

Answer 9

provides guidelines for assessing 4 factors: cultural identity, cultural conceptualization of distress, psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact vulnerability to resilience, and cultural factors relevant to the relationship between the client and therapist

Question 10

Cultural Formulation Inventory (CFI) (what is it and what 4 domains does it focus on)

Answer 10

a semi-structured interview consisting of 16 questions designed to obtain information on the client’s views regarding the social/cultural context in his/her presenting problems
-focuses on 4 domains: cultural definition of the problem; cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support; cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeking; and cultural factors affecting current help seeking

Question 11

Cultural Concepts of Distress

Answer 11

DSM-5 defines as the ways that cultural groups experience, understand, and communicate suffering, behavioural problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions

Question 12

3 types of cultural concepts

Answer 12

Cultural syndromes
Cultural Idioms of distress
Cultural explanations

Question 13

Cultural syndromes

Answer 13

clusters of symptoms and attributions that co-occur among individuals from a particular culture and are recognized by members of that culture as coherent patterns of experience

Question 14

Cultural Idioms of distress

Answer 14

used by members of different cultures to express and provide shared ways for talking about personal and social concerns

Question 15

Cultural explanations

Answer 15

explanatory models that members of a culture use to explain the meaning and causes of symptoms, illness, and distress

Question 16

ataque de nervios

Answer 16

a syndrome recognized by members of certain Latino cultures– characterized by screaming, crying, trembling, and aggression and a sense of being out of control; often occurs in reaction to a stressful event involving the family

Question 17

The DSM-5 utilizes a ____approach that divides the mental disorders into types that are defined by diagnostic criteria

Answer 17

categorical

Question 18

To allow for heterogeneity, the DSM includes a ______ criteria set for most disorders

Answer 18

polythetic

Question 19

In contrast to the previous DSM, the DSM-5 provides a ______ assessment system

Answer 19

nonaxial

Question 20

Uncertainty about a person’s diagnosis is indicated by coding _________ when the clinician wants to indicate the reason why the client’s symptoms don’t meet criteria for a diagnosis

Answer 20

other specified disorder

Question 21

3 diagnostic criteria for Intellectual Disability

Answer 21

1. deficits in intellectual functions (reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking) that are confirmed by clinical assessment
2. deficits in adaptive functioning resulting in a failure to meet community standards of personal independence and social responsibility and impair functioning across multiple environments in one or more activities of daily life
3. onset of intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits during the developmental period

Question 22

what are the 4 degrees of severity for intellectual disability?

Answer 22

mild, moderate, severe, and profound

Question 23

early signs of intellectual disability include:

Answer 23

delays in motor development and lack of age appropriate interest in environmental stimuli; may not make eye contact during feeding; less responsive to voice and movement

Question 24

For Etiology of intellectual disability what percentages are due to heredity? chromosomal changes? Pregnancy problems? acquired medical conditions? environmental factors?

Answer 24

heredity: 5%
chromosomal changes: 30%
pregnancy problems: 10%
acquired medical conditions: 5%
Environmental factors: 15-20%

Question 25

What is another name for childhood-onset fluency disorder

Answer 25

stuttering

Question 26

childhood-onset fluency disorder

Answer 26

disturbance in normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the person's age and involves sound and syllable repetitions, sound prolongations, broken words, word substitutions to avoid troublesome words, and/or monosyllabic whole-word repetitions

Question 27

Onset for childhood-onset fluency disorder

Answer 27

between ages 2 and 7

Question 28

what percentage of kids recover from childhood-onset fluency disorder?

Answer 28

65-85% --with severity of dysfluency at age 8 being a good predictor of prognosis

Question 29

what are some possible treatment options for childhood-onset fluency disorder?

Answer 29

- reducing psychological stress at home - parental instruction to reduce demands and stop reprimanding child for stuttering and help them cope with frustration - habit reversal training

Question 30

Habit reversal training

Answer 30

incorporates awareness, relaxation, motivation, competing response (ex. breathing), and generalized training

Question 31

Criteria for autism spectrum disorder

Answer 31

- persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts - restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, and activities - symptoms during the early developmental period - impairments in social, occupational, or other area of functioning as the result of symptoms

Question 32

An ASD individual must show at least two of which restrictive or repetitive patterns of behaviour

Answer 32

- stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech - insistance on sameness - inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of behaviour - highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus - hyper or hyporeactivity to sensory input

Question 33

What are the 3 levels of severity of ASD according to the DSM-5?

Answer 33

Level 1: requiring support Level 2: requiring substantial support Level 3: requiring very substantial support)

Question 34

Associated Features of ASD

Answer 34

- intellectual impairments and/or language abnormalities; - may exhibit and uneven profile of cognitive abilities - may have motor deficits and engage in self-injurious behaviours - decrease eye contact and impaired joint attention

Question 35

only about _____ of ASD individuals achieve some degree of partial independence as adults

Answer 35

one third

Question 36

Etiology of ASD

Answer 36

- rapid head growth during first year of life - structural brain abnormalities (amygdala and cerebellum) - neurotransmitter abnormalities (dopamine, serotonin, and others)

Question 37

Treatments for ASD include:

Answer 37

- parent management training - special education - training in self-care and social interaction skills - vocational training and placement - behavioural techniques such as shaping and discrimination training to improve communication

Question 38

for an ADHD diagnosis, the pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity must persist for at least ______months

Answer 38

6

Question 39

3 types of ADHD

Answer 39

1. Predominantly inattentive 2. Predominantly Hyperactive/impulsive 3. Combined presentation

Question 40

Inattention symptoms include:

Answer 40

- lack of attention to detail - difficulty sustaining attention to tasks or activities - doesn't listen when directly spoken to - fails to finish schoolwork/chores - is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli - often forgetful in daily activities

Question 41

Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms include:

Answer 41

- frequently fidgets or squirms in seat - often leaves seat at inappropriate times - frequently runs or climbs in inappropriate situations - talks excessively - has difficulty waiting his/her turn - interrupts or intrudes on others

Question 42

Adults with ADHD often have problems with:

Answer 42

self-esteem, social relationships, and lower educational or occupational achievement

Question 43

prevalence rate for ADHD in adults ___ and children____

Answer 43

2.5%; 5%

Question 44

behavioural disinhibition hypothesis

Answer 44

proposes that the core feature of ADHD is an inability to regulate behaviour to fit situational demands

Question 45

A diagnosis of Intellectual disability disorder requires deficits in intellectual functions, deficits in ________ and an onset during the _______

Answer 45

- adaptive functioning | - developmental period

Question 46

The DSM-5 distinguishes between four degrees of severity based on adaptive functioning in 3 domains --conceptual, social, and ________

Answer 46

practical

Question 47

The etiology of Intellectual disability disorder is unknown in about _____%

Answer 47

30%

Question 48

it has been estimated that ____% of children with ADHD continue to meet diagnostic criteria in adolescence

Answer 48

65-80%

Question 49

the National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment study of ADHD found that in terms of initial results _______ and combined medication and behavioural treatment produced a similar reduction int he core symptoms of the disorder

Answer 49

medication management

Question 50

A child with a Specific Learning Disorder is most likely to also receive a diagnosis of:

Answer 50

ADHD

Question 51

A person with Tourette's Disorder is MOST likely to also have what?

Answer 51

obsessions and compulsions

Question 52

Specific Learning Disorder

Answer 52

exhibits difficulties related to academic skills-- need to have at least one characteristic symptom that persists for a lease six months despite interventions targeting those difficulties

Question 53

ADHD is comorbid with specific learning disorder in ______% of children

Answer 53

20-30%

Question 54

dyslexia

Answer 54

deficits in phonological processing

Question 55

tic

Answer 55

a sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization

Question 56

What are the 3 tic disorders listed in the DSM-5?

Answer 56

Tourette's disorder Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder Provisional tic disorder

Question 57

what is the difference between persistent motor or vocal tic and provisional tic disorder?

Answer 57

provisional tic disorder is characterized by one or more tics being present for less than a year, and persistent is more than a year

Question 58

What are some associated symptoms with Tourette's disorder?

Answer 58

- obsessions and compulsions | - hyperactivity, impulsivity and distractibility

Question 59

Etiology of Tourette's disorder

Answer 59

-elevated dopamine and supersensitivity of dopamine receptors to the caudate nucleus

Question 60

comprehensive behavioural treatment for tics (CBIT) incorporates what types of training?

Answer 60

habit reversal training, relaxation training, and psychoeducation

Question 61

stress inoculation model provides the child with information about the procedure and uses what types of techniques?

Answer 61

filmed modelling, reinforcement, breathing exercises, emotive imagery/distraction, and behavioural rehearsal

Question 62

children between the ages of ___ and ____ have the most negative reactions to hospitalization

Answer 62

one and four

Question 63

Goodman (1998) found that the rate of psychiatric problems in children with ________ was at least _____ times higher than the rate for children without a physical disability

Answer 63

- hemiplegic cerebral palsy | - 3

Question 64

Brown and Madan-Swain (1993) looked at the effects of CNS irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy and found that both treatments were associate with____

Answer 64

- impaired neurocognitive functioning | - higher-than-normal learning disabilities

Question 65

lack of compliance among chronically-ill children are linked to several factors including:

Answer 65

- a lack of knowledge or skill - parent-child conflict - communication difficulties - developmental issues

Question 66

research has confirmed that hospitalized children and children with physical disabilities are at increased risk for ______

Answer 66

emotional and behavioural problems

Question 67

The best prognosis for Autism Spectrum Disorder is associated with:

Answer 67

verbal communication skills by age 6.

Question 68

The DSM's use of polythetic criteria sets is useful for:

Answer 68

recognizing the heterogeneity of symptoms for a particular diagnosis.