Clinical Psychology (Diversity Issues)

Question 1

According to Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model, an African American individual in the emersion substage of the immersion-emersion stage will exhibit which of the following?

Answer 1

rejection of all aspects of White culture

Question 2

A Chinese American client tells you that he doesn’t identify with either the Chinese or the White culture. In terms of Berry et al.’s (1987) model of acculturation, this client is best described as:

Answer 2

marginalized.

Question 3

During the initial session with an American Indian family, a White therapist would be best advised to

Answer 3

assess each family member’s level of acculturation before developing a treatment plan.

Question 4

In most African American families, male-female relationships are:

Answer 4

egalitarian

Question 5

Research has supported Helms’s (1995) prediction that White therapists whose attitudes and beliefs are consistent with the ________ status are most effective when working with clients from racial or ethnic minority groups.

Answer 5

autonomy

Question 6

Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) compared the sexual identity trajectories of male and female sexual minority youth and found that gay males had an earlier onset than lesbians for all milestones except:

Answer 6

first disclosure of sexual orientation

Question 7

Sue and Sue (2003) describe “worldview” as consisting of two dimensions - locus of control and locus of responsibility. Within this framework, the culture of the White middle-class in the United States is best described as reflecting an:

Answer 7

internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility

Question 8

When working with a middle-aged Asian couple who recently immigrated to the United States, a therapist is best advised to adopt the role of:

Answer 8

Knowledgeable expert

Question 9

multisystems model

Answer 9

address multiple systems, intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers the family by utilizing it’s strengths

Question 10

According to American Indians/Natives, illness is a result of _____

Answer 10

disharmony

Question 11

network therapy

Answer 11

incorporates family and community members into treatment and situates psychological problems within the context of social systems

Question 12

Which cultural group is most likely to attribute the control of life events to luck or supernatural forces?

Answer 12

Hispanic/Latino

Question 13

what are the 4 milestones of sexual identity trajectories?

Answer 13

1) same-sex attraction
2) self-labelling
3) same-sex sexual contact
4) first disclosure

Question 14

What are the 3 main competencies in cultural competence?

Answer 14

awareness, knowledge, and skills

Question 15

Curanderismo

Answer 15

assume that illness can arise from either natural or supernatural forces that affect physical, emotional, and/or spiritual functioning –combine religious/spiritual rituals with herbal medicine, massage, and traditional methods of healing

Question 16

4 categories of Acculturation

Answer 16

1. Integration
2. Assimilation
3. Separation
4. Marginalization

Question 17

Integration

Answer 17

also referred to as biculturalism –maintains own culture and incorporated aspects of dominant culture as well

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

accepts dominant culture and relinquish their own culture

Question 19

Separation

Answer 19

withdraws from dominant culture and accepts their own culture

Question 20

Marginalization

Answer 20

Doesn’t identify with the dominant culture or their own culture

Question 21

world view

Answer 21

how a person perceives his/her relationship to nature, other people, institutions, and so on

Question 22

what are two factors that determine world view?

Answer 22

locus of control and locus of responsibility

Question 23

cultural encapsulation

Answer 23

when therapists disregard cultural biases and disregard cultural differences

Question 24

Emic orientation

Answer 24

culture specific; involves understanding the culture from the perspective of members of that culture

Question 25

Etic orientation

Answer 25

culture-general; assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures

Question 26

High context communication

Answer 26

relies heavily on non-verbal cues and group understanding; helps unify a culture and is slow to change

Question 27

Low context communication

Answer 27

relies on explicit, verbal communication; is less unifying an can change rapidly and easily

Question 28

Internalized oppression

Answer 28

can involve system beating, system blaming, total avoidance of Whites, and/or denial of political significance of race; the latter may be manifested as attempting to earn acceptance with status, material goods, education to elevate self-worth, and/or escaping with drugs/alcohol/ or food

Question 29

Cultural Paranoia

Answer 29

healthy reaction to racism

-may not disclose to a white therapist due to fear of being hurt or misunderstood

Question 30

Functional Paranoia

Answer 30

unhealthy condition that itself is an illness

-unwilling to disclose to any therapist –general mistrust and suspicion

Question 31

Low functional paranoia/Low cultural paranoia

Answer 31

Intercultural Nonparanoiac Disclosure –will self disclose to any therapist

Question 32

High functional paranoia/Low cultural paranoia

Answer 32

Functional Paranoiac –unwilling to disclose to anyone –due to pathology

Question 33

Low functional paranoia/High cultural paranoia

Answer 33

Healthy Cultural Paranoiac –will self-disclose to Black therapist, but reluctant to disclose to White therapist due to past experiences with racism or differing attitudes/beliefs

Question 34

High functional paranoia/High cultural paranoia

Answer 34

Confluent Paranoiac– unwilling to disclose to anyone based on both pathology and effects of racism

Question 35

African Americans view the family as including both ____ family members as well as individuals outside the biological family. Family roles are flexible and relationships between men and women tend to be ______

Answer 35

nuclear and extended; egalitarian

Question 36

Authorities recommend the use of an ecostructural approach when working with African American clients such as Boyd-Franklin’s ______ model, which addresses multiple systems and empowers the family by utilizing strengths

Answer 36

multisystems

Question 37

American Indians generally exhibit a consensual _____ form of social organization and view mental health problems as the result of ______ with nature. A collaborative, problem-solving, ______ approach is often preferred; and some experts recommend the use of ______ therapy, which incorporates family and community members into the treatment process

Answer 37

collateral; disharmony; client-centered; network

Question 38

For Asian American therapy clients, a _____, structured, problem solving approach is often preferred. Therapists should emphasize _____ and establish their ____ and competence early in therapy.

Answer 38

directive; formalism; credibility

Question 39

In terms of world view, Hispanic and Latino individuals emphasize _____ welfare over individual welfare and view interdependence as both healthy and necessary

Answer 39

family

Question 40

When working with a Hispanic or Latino client, a therapist is usually best advised to be active and directive and to adopt a _____ approach that focuses on the client’s behaviour, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, biological functioning ect.

Answer 40

multimodal

Question 41

Therapists should be aware that Hispanic clients may express their mental health problems as ______

Answer 41

somatic complaints

Question 42

Among LGBTQ individuals, one response to prejudice and discrimination is _____ which occurs when these individuals accept society’s negative evaluations of them and incorporate those evaluations into their self-concepts

Answer 42

internalized homophobia

Question 43

An important issue for LGBTQ individuals is ______ (disclosing one’s sexual orientation) to family members, friends, and others, which can have both negative and positive consequences

Answer 43

coming out

Question 44

Savin-Williams and Diamond compared the sexual identity trajectories of male and female sexual minority youth and found that adolescent ____ had earlier onset of all milestones except disclosure of sexual orientation to another person, which occurred at a similar age for males and females

Answer 44

males

Question 45

Sue and Sue propose that cultural competence involves three competencies: awareness, _____, and skills

Answer 45

knowledge

Question 46

The use of appropriate techniques for members of culturally diverse groups may require incorporating indigenous healing practices such as _____, which is a traditional Hawaiian spiritual healing ritual for restoring harmony among family members

Answer 46

Ho’oponopono

Question 47

_____ involves maintaining one’s own (minority) culture while also incorporating many aspects of the dominant culture

Answer 47

integration (biculturalism)

Question 48

_____ is characterized by a lack of identification with one’s own minority group and the majority group

Answer 48

marginalization

Question 49

According to Wrenn, culturally _____ counsellors define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes

Answer 49

encapsulated

Question 50

Sue and Sue describe two survival mechanisms that African American individuals may use to cope with oppression: _______ involves concealing anger by acting composed and calm, while the ______ syndrome involves adopting a passive or happy-go-lucky demeanor

Answer 50

playing it cool; uncle tom

Question 51

According to Herek, ____ refers to shared knowledge that creates a power differential in which homosexuality is inferior to heterosexuality, while ____ includes beliefs about gender, morality, and sexuality that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws. and other cultural institutions

Answer 51

sexual stigma; heterosexism

Question 52

_____ refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation

Answer 52

sexual prejudice

Question 53

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity development model distinguishes between five stages that are related to the person’s _____ toward his/her own group, the dominant group, and other minority groups.

Answer 53

attitudes

Question 54

(Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity development model) –The initial Conformity stage is followed by the _____ stage, which is characterized by confusion and conflict.

Answer 54

Dissonance

Question 55

(Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity development model) –The third stage _____, involves active rejection of the dominant group. This is followed by the introspection stage, and finally, the stage of integrative awareness

Answer 55

Resistance and Immersion

Question 56

integrative awareness is characterized by self-fulfillment with regard to one’s racial/cultural identity and the adoption of a ____ perspective

Answer 56

multicultural

Question 57

The current version of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Model proposes that identity development for African Americans involves four stages. During the initial ____ stage, racial identity has low salience. Exposure to one or more race-related events leads to the ____ stage, which is characterized by greater racial/cultural awareness. This is followed by Immersion-Emersion, and then ______

Answer 57

Pre-encounter; Encounter; Internalization

Question 58

Helm’s White Identity model: Initial contact status, followed by ______, in which increasing awareness of racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict

Answer 58

Disintegration

Question 59

______ status– the individual resolves internal conflicts by accepting ____ views of minority groups

Answer 59

Reintegration; denigrating

Question 60

Pseudo-independence status

Answer 60

precipitated by an event that causes the person to question his/her views

Question 61

________, when the person internalizes a non-racist white identity

Answer 61

autonomy

Question 62

Troiden’s model of homosexual identity development involves four stages: sensitization/feeling different, _____, identity assumptions, and commitment/identity integration

Answer 62

self-recognition/identity confusion