I/O Psych (Leadership, Work Teams, Decision Making) Flashcards

1
Q

The Ohio State University studies found that leader behaviour can be described in terms of two basic dimensions:

A

consideration and initiating structure

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2
Q

While male and female leaders do not differ in terms of consideration or initiating structure, female leaders are more likely to adopt a _____ decision-making style

A

participative

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3
Q

Judge et al.’s meta-analysis of research on the Big Five personality traits found ______ was the strongest predictor of effective leadership

A

extraversion

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4
Q

Fiedler’s ______ theory distinguishes between high and low _______ leader. The former are most effective in situations that are _______, while the latter are more effective when the situation is ______

A

contingency; LPC; moderately favorable; very high or low in favorability

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5
Q

cognitive resource theory predicts that the impact of a leader’s intelligence and experience on his/her performance is moderated by the _______

A

stressfulness of the situation

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6
Q

According to Hersey and Blanchard’s ________ model, the choice of an effective leadership style depends on the employee’s level of _________, which is determined by a combination of ability and willingness to assume responsibility

A

job maturity

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7
Q

A participating leader is most effective when employees are high in ______ and low in _________

A

ability; willingness

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8
Q

The Vroom-Yetton_jago normative model distinguishes between five decision-making strategies and provides a ______ to help leaders select the optimal strategy

A

decision tree

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9
Q

A ______ leader recognizes the need for change and is able to create and communicate a ______ that guides that change

A

transformational; vision

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10
Q

A _____ leader focuses more on stability than on change

A

transactional

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11
Q

Conformity to group norms is usually greater in ______ situations and highly complex situations

A

ambiguous

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12
Q

Deviation from group norms is usually discouraged except when a member has accumulated _____ credits

A

idiosyncrasy

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13
Q

Group cohesiveness is maximized when group members are relatively _______ with regard to personality characteristics, abilities, ect. and when members participate in defining _______

A

homogeneous; group goals and norms

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14
Q

Group tasks are classified in terms of five types. When the task is _______, the final group product represents a combination of the contributions of individual group members; but when the task is ________, the final product is the average of the individual members’ contributions

A

additive; compensatory

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15
Q

For a ________ task, group performance is limited by the weakest member; for a ________ task, group members must accept the solution offered by one of the members and on a _______ task, group members decide how to combine the contributions of individual members

A

conjunctive; disjunctive; discretionary

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16
Q

With regard to group composition, groups that are ________ tend to perform better on tasks that are complex and require creativity

A

heterogeneous

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17
Q

Social ______ is one consequence of group membership. It occurs when individuals exert less ______ when participating in a group than when working alone

A

loafing; effort

18
Q

The mere presence of others can result in either social _______ or inhibition. The former is more likely when the task is _____, while the latter is more likely when the task is _______

A

facilitation; simple or well learned; complex or new

19
Q

Group development typically involves 5 stages: forming, storming, ________, performing, and adjourning

A

norming

20
Q

Communication networks are classified as centralized or decentralized. Centralized networks are most effective for ________ , while decentralized networks are better for ________ tasks and are associated with greater overall _______

A

simple; complex; satisfaction

21
Q

The ______ model of decision-making proposes that decision-makers consider all alternatives and then choose the optimal one

A

rational-economic

22
Q

The bounded rationality model proposes that decision-makers ______ rather than optimize by choosing the first alternative that meets the minimum acceptable criteria

A

satisfice

23
Q

While group decision-making is sometimes better than individual decision-making, it can be negatively affected by __________, which occurs when a highly cohesive group suspends critical thinking

A

groupthink

24
Q

The problem of groupthink can be alleviated by having a member play _______ or by bringing in outside opinions

A

devil’s advocate

25
Q

Another potential problem is group ______, which occurs when groups make decisions that are either more risky or more _______ than individual decisions

A

polarization; conservative

26
Q

_______ was developed as a method for improving group decision-making and involves allowing members to say whatever comes to mind without criticism

A

brainstorming

27
Q

Formal methods of conflict resolution include bargaining, which is more likely to be successful when all parties view it as a _________ situation

A

win-win

28
Q

In _______, a neutral third party attempts to facilitate voluntary agreement between the disputants

A

mediation

29
Q

In arbitration, the third party has greater authority. For example, in _______ arbitration, the disputants agree in advance to accept the arbitrator’s recommendations

A

binding

30
Q

According to Fiedler’s contingency model, low-LPC leaders perform most effectively in:

A

highly unfavorable or highly favorable situations.
(According to Fiedler, low-LPC (task-oriented) leaders are most effective in extreme situations – i.e., in situations that are either very favorable or very unfavorable. In contrast, high-LPC (person-oriented) leaders are most effective in moderately favorable situations.)

31
Q

According to Herbert Simon, decision-making in organizations is often affected by:

A
bounded rationality
(According to Simon, decision-makers are sometimes less than totally rational due to limitations related to abilities, time, and resources. He referred to this type of decision-making as bounded rationality.)
32
Q

A transformational leader is most likely to use which of the following to motivate employees?

A

framing

framing involves describing an organization’s goals and activities in ways that make them meaningful to employees.

33
Q

Groupthink is least likely to occur when:

A

dissent among group members is encouraged

34
Q

Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model proposes that the most effective leadership style:

A

depends on the maturity of the worker
(According to Hersey and Blanchard, the most effective leader is one who matches his or her style to the worker’s job maturity, which is determined by the worker’s motivation and ability.)

35
Q

Heterogeneity of team members is:

A

associated with greater creativity and better decision-making

36
Q

If you are using a decision tree to determine which leadership style to adopt (e.g., autocratic, consultative, or group), you are relying on the work of:

A

Vroom, Yetton, and Jago

37
Q

Social loafing is most likely to occur when:

A

the group is large and the task is additive

38
Q

Social loafing is most likely to occur when:

A

the group is very large

39
Q

To gain “idiosyncrasy credits,” you would:

A

consistently conform to group norms.

40
Q

When hired to settle a dispute between members of an organization, a mediator:

A

helps disputants identify alternative solutions to the problem