Lifespan (Temperament, Personality, Identity)

Question 1

Research by Kagan and others has confirmed that the temperament trait of behavioural ______ has a genetic component, us relatively stable, and is associated with certain physiological reactions.

Answer 1

inhibition

Question 2

Acch the according to Thomas and Chess’s ______ model, a child’s adjustment is related to the degree to which the parents’ behaviours match the child’s temperament

Answer 2

goodness-of-fit

Question 3

During each of Frued’s five psychosexual stages of development, the ______ is centered in a different part of the body

Answer 3

libido

Question 4

during the ______ stage, the mouth is the focus of sensation and stimulation, and weaning is the primary source of conflict

Answer 4

oral

Question 5

Erikson’s theory posits eight stages of psychosocial development that encompass the lifespan. The first stage (infancy) involves a conflict between ______, the second stage (toddlerhood) is characterized by a crisis involving _______, and the primary crisis of adolescence is a conflict between _______

Answer 5

basic trust vs basic mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; identity vs. role confusion

Question 6

A successful outcome of the last stage of life (ego integrity vs. despair) is characterized by the development of ______ and a sense of integrity

Answer 6

wisdom

Question 7

Levinson’s developmental theory (“seasons of a man’s life”) emphasizes the _______ from one period to the next. In midlife, there is a deflation of The Dream and a shift in perspective from time-since-birth, to ________

Answer 7

transition; time-left-to-live

Question 8

Baumrind and colleges distinguish between four parenting styles: Authoritarian parents exhibit a high degree of demandingness and low _______. Their children are often irritable and aggressive and have low self-esteem and low _______

Answer 8

responsivity; academic achievement

Question 9

_____ parents combine rational control with responsivity and encouragement of independence. Children of these parents are assertive, self-confident, and ______-oriented and obtain high grades in school

Answer 9

Authoritative; achievement

Question 10

______ parents are warm and caring but make few demands and are non-punitive, while _____ parents exhibit low levels of both responsivity and demandingness

Answer 10

permissive; rejecting-neglecting

Question 11

The research has found that adolescent delinquency is associated with a lack of parental warmth, a lack of _____, and inconsistent or harsh discipline.

Answer 11

supervision

Question 12

Maternal depression increases a child’s risk for emotional and behavioural problems and is associated with ______ attachment in infants and preschoolers

Answer 12

insecure

Question 13

From ages 2-6, self-descriptions focus on concrete physical characteristics, ______ and preferences; and in middle-childhood (ages 6-10), children’s self-descriptions often refer to their ______

Answer 13

specific behaviours; competencies

Question 14

Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory proposes that gender identity development entails a predictable sequence of stages –i.e., gender identity, gender stability, and gender ________

Answer 14

constancy

Question 15

According to Bem’s _____ theory, children develop conceptual frameworks to their own behaviour.

Answer 15

gender schema

Question 16

Some research suggests that, for both males and females, ______ and, to a lesser degree, masculinity are associated with higher levels of self-esteem than is femininity

Answer 16

androgyny

Question 17

Erikson proposed that the primary developmental task of adolescence is the achievement of a coherent _______.
According to Macia, this involves four stages (statuses) –diffusion, foreclosure, ______, and achievement

Answer 17

identity; moratorium

Question 18

Gilligan argues that, in early adolescence, girls experience a _____ as the result of increasing pressure to conform to cultural stereotypes about the “perfect good woman”

Answer 18

relational crisis

Question 19

Most children do not understand that death is universal and irreversible and involves cessation of biological functioning until about age _____

Answer 19

10

Question 20

Among adults, anxiety about death is generally greatest in _____

Answer 20

middle-age

Question 21

Kubler-Ross described a person’s reaction to facing his/her own death in terms of five stages: denial, anger, _____, depression, and acceptance

Answer 21

bargaining

Question 22

A 9-year-old is irritable, aggressive, dependent, and low in achievement orientation and self-esteem and has a limited sense of responsibility. Based on this information, you can conclude that his parents are:

Answer 22

authoritarian

Question 23

According to Erikson, a desirable outcome of the final stage of psychosocial development is which of the following?

Answer 23

wisdom

Question 24

According to Kubler-Ross (1969), a person’s initial reaction to learning that he or she has a life-threatening illness is most likely to be which of the following?

Answer 24

denial

Question 25

As described by Marcia (1987), an adolescent experiencing “foreclosure” will be most likely to say which of the following about her career goals?

Answer 25

My dad thinks it’s a good idea if I go to medical school and become a doctor like him, so that’s what I’m planning to do.
(Foreclosure occurs when the individual has accepted a career goal or other aspect of identity that has been recommended by a significant other)

Question 26

A shift in perspective from “time from birth” to “time until death” usually occurs between the ages of:

Answer 26

40 and 45

Question 27

Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory identifies which of the following as the initial stage of gender-role acquisition?

Answer 27

gender identity

Question 28

Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed that maladjustment in children is traceable to:

Answer 28

a lack of “fit” between the child’s temperament and the parents’ caregiving behaviors.