Lifespan (Temperament, Personality, Identity) Flashcards
Research by Kagan and others has confirmed that the temperament trait of behavioural ______ has a genetic component, us relatively stable, and is associated with certain physiological reactions.
inhibition
Acch the according to Thomas and Chess’s ______ model, a child’s adjustment is related to the degree to which the parents’ behaviours match the child’s temperament
goodness-of-fit
During each of Frued’s five psychosexual stages of development, the ______ is centered in a different part of the body
libido
during the ______ stage, the mouth is the focus of sensation and stimulation, and weaning is the primary source of conflict
oral
Erikson’s theory posits eight stages of psychosocial development that encompass the lifespan. The first stage (infancy) involves a conflict between ______, the second stage (toddlerhood) is characterized by a crisis involving _______, and the primary crisis of adolescence is a conflict between _______
basic trust vs basic mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; identity vs. role confusion
A successful outcome of the last stage of life (ego integrity vs. despair) is characterized by the development of ______ and a sense of integrity
wisdom
Levinson’s developmental theory (“seasons of a man’s life”) emphasizes the _______ from one period to the next. In midlife, there is a deflation of The Dream and a shift in perspective from time-since-birth, to ________
transition; time-left-to-live
Baumrind and colleges distinguish between four parenting styles: Authoritarian parents exhibit a high degree of demandingness and low _______. Their children are often irritable and aggressive and have low self-esteem and low _______
responsivity; academic achievement
_____ parents combine rational control with responsivity and encouragement of independence. Children of these parents are assertive, self-confident, and ______-oriented and obtain high grades in school
Authoritative; achievement
______ parents are warm and caring but make few demands and are non-punitive, while _____ parents exhibit low levels of both responsivity and demandingness
permissive; rejecting-neglecting
The research has found that adolescent delinquency is associated with a lack of parental warmth, a lack of _____, and inconsistent or harsh discipline.
supervision
Maternal depression increases a child’s risk for emotional and behavioural problems and is associated with ______ attachment in infants and preschoolers
insecure
From ages 2-6, self-descriptions focus on concrete physical characteristics, ______ and preferences; and in middle-childhood (ages 6-10), children’s self-descriptions often refer to their ______
specific behaviours; competencies
Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory proposes that gender identity development entails a predictable sequence of stages –i.e., gender identity, gender stability, and gender ________
constancy
According to Bem’s _____ theory, children develop conceptual frameworks to their own behaviour.
gender schema
Some research suggests that, for both males and females, ______ and, to a lesser degree, masculinity are associated with higher levels of self-esteem than is femininity
androgyny
Erikson proposed that the primary developmental task of adolescence is the achievement of a coherent _______.
According to Macia, this involves four stages (statuses) –diffusion, foreclosure, ______, and achievement
identity; moratorium
Gilligan argues that, in early adolescence, girls experience a _____ as the result of increasing pressure to conform to cultural stereotypes about the “perfect good woman”
relational crisis
Most children do not understand that death is universal and irreversible and involves cessation of biological functioning until about age _____
10
Among adults, anxiety about death is generally greatest in _____
middle-age
Kubler-Ross described a person’s reaction to facing his/her own death in terms of five stages: denial, anger, _____, depression, and acceptance
bargaining
A 9-year-old is irritable, aggressive, dependent, and low in achievement orientation and self-esteem and has a limited sense of responsibility. Based on this information, you can conclude that his parents are:
authoritarian
According to Erikson, a desirable outcome of the final stage of psychosocial development is which of the following?
wisdom
According to Kubler-Ross (1969), a person’s initial reaction to learning that he or she has a life-threatening illness is most likely to be which of the following?
denial
As described by Marcia (1987), an adolescent experiencing “foreclosure” will be most likely to say which of the following about her career goals?
My dad thinks it’s a good idea if I go to medical school and become a doctor like him, so that’s what I’m planning to do.
(Foreclosure occurs when the individual has accepted a career goal or other aspect of identity that has been recommended by a significant other)
A shift in perspective from “time from birth” to “time until death” usually occurs between the ages of:
40 and 45
Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory identifies which of the following as the initial stage of gender-role acquisition?
gender identity
Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed that maladjustment in children is traceable to:
a lack of “fit” between the child’s temperament and the parents’ caregiving behaviors.
