Lifespan (Temperament, Personality, Identity) Flashcards

1
Q

Research by Kagan and others has confirmed that the temperament trait of behavioural ______ has a genetic component, us relatively stable, and is associated with certain physiological reactions.

A

inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acch the according to Thomas and Chess’s ______ model, a child’s adjustment is related to the degree to which the parents’ behaviours match the child’s temperament

A

goodness-of-fit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During each of Frued’s five psychosexual stages of development, the ______ is centered in a different part of the body

A

libido

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

during the ______ stage, the mouth is the focus of sensation and stimulation, and weaning is the primary source of conflict

A

oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Erikson’s theory posits eight stages of psychosocial development that encompass the lifespan. The first stage (infancy) involves a conflict between ______, the second stage (toddlerhood) is characterized by a crisis involving _______, and the primary crisis of adolescence is a conflict between _______

A

basic trust vs basic mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; identity vs. role confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A successful outcome of the last stage of life (ego integrity vs. despair) is characterized by the development of ______ and a sense of integrity

A

wisdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Levinson’s developmental theory (“seasons of a man’s life”) emphasizes the _______ from one period to the next. In midlife, there is a deflation of The Dream and a shift in perspective from time-since-birth, to ________

A

transition; time-left-to-live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Baumrind and colleges distinguish between four parenting styles: Authoritarian parents exhibit a high degree of demandingness and low _______. Their children are often irritable and aggressive and have low self-esteem and low _______

A

responsivity; academic achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ parents combine rational control with responsivity and encouragement of independence. Children of these parents are assertive, self-confident, and ______-oriented and obtain high grades in school

A

Authoritative; achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ parents are warm and caring but make few demands and are non-punitive, while _____ parents exhibit low levels of both responsivity and demandingness

A

permissive; rejecting-neglecting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The research has found that adolescent delinquency is associated with a lack of parental warmth, a lack of _____, and inconsistent or harsh discipline.

A

supervision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Maternal depression increases a child’s risk for emotional and behavioural problems and is associated with ______ attachment in infants and preschoolers

A

insecure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

From ages 2-6, self-descriptions focus on concrete physical characteristics, ______ and preferences; and in middle-childhood (ages 6-10), children’s self-descriptions often refer to their ______

A

specific behaviours; competencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory proposes that gender identity development entails a predictable sequence of stages –i.e., gender identity, gender stability, and gender ________

A

constancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

According to Bem’s _____ theory, children develop conceptual frameworks to their own behaviour.

A

gender schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Some research suggests that, for both males and females, ______ and, to a lesser degree, masculinity are associated with higher levels of self-esteem than is femininity

A

androgyny

17
Q

Erikson proposed that the primary developmental task of adolescence is the achievement of a coherent _______.
According to Macia, this involves four stages (statuses) –diffusion, foreclosure, ______, and achievement

A

identity; moratorium

18
Q

Gilligan argues that, in early adolescence, girls experience a _____ as the result of increasing pressure to conform to cultural stereotypes about the “perfect good woman”

A

relational crisis

19
Q

Most children do not understand that death is universal and irreversible and involves cessation of biological functioning until about age _____

A

10

20
Q

Among adults, anxiety about death is generally greatest in _____

A

middle-age

21
Q

Kubler-Ross described a person’s reaction to facing his/her own death in terms of five stages: denial, anger, _____, depression, and acceptance

A

bargaining

22
Q

A 9-year-old is irritable, aggressive, dependent, and low in achievement orientation and self-esteem and has a limited sense of responsibility. Based on this information, you can conclude that his parents are:

A

authoritarian

23
Q

According to Erikson, a desirable outcome of the final stage of psychosocial development is which of the following?

A

wisdom

24
Q

According to Kubler-Ross (1969), a person’s initial reaction to learning that he or she has a life-threatening illness is most likely to be which of the following?

A

denial

25
Q

As described by Marcia (1987), an adolescent experiencing “foreclosure” will be most likely to say which of the following about her career goals?

A

My dad thinks it’s a good idea if I go to medical school and become a doctor like him, so that’s what I’m planning to do.
(Foreclosure occurs when the individual has accepted a career goal or other aspect of identity that has been recommended by a significant other)

26
Q

A shift in perspective from “time from birth” to “time until death” usually occurs between the ages of:

A

40 and 45

27
Q

Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory identifies which of the following as the initial stage of gender-role acquisition?

A

gender identity

28
Q

Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed that maladjustment in children is traceable to:

A

a lack of “fit” between the child’s temperament and the parents’ caregiving behaviors.