Lifespan Development (Early influence)

Question 1

some traits are a result of multiple genes, while others are attributable to a single pair of genes that contain a single dominant gene or two _____ genes

Answer 1

recessive

Question 2

brown eyes and dark hair require _______, while green or blue eyes and blond hair require ________

Answer 2

a single dominant gene; a pair of recessive genes

Question 3

the contribution of heredity to an observed characteristic can be expressed in terms of a heritability estimate, which indicates the extent to which phenotypes vary within groups as the result of differences in ________

Answer 3

genotype

Question 4

Brofenbrenner’s ecological model distinguishes between five contexts that influence development: microsystem, ______, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Answer 4

mesosystem

Question 5

Rutter identified several factors (indicators) that increase a child’s risk for psychopathology –i.e severe ______, low SES, large family size, parental _______, maternal psychopathology, and placement of child outside the home

Answer 5

marital discord; criminality

Question 6

Research investigating the impact of early stress on development suggests that high-risk babies are less likely to have negative outcomes when the babies experience fewer stressors following birth and have an easy temperament marked by a high degree of _______ and good communication skills

Answer 6

social responsivity

Question 7

Three types of genotype-environment correlation have been proposed to explain how genetic and environmental factors combine to produce an individual’s attributes: passive, ______, and active

Answer 7

evocative

Question 8

active genotype-environmental correlation is also known as ______ and occurs when children seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predispositions

Answer 8

niche-picking

Question 9

In contrast to critical periods, ____ periods are more flexible and longer in duration.

Answer 9

sensitive

Question 10

Birth defects are caused by a number of factors. PKU is due to the presence of a pair of ______, down syndrome is the result of an extra ______, _______ syndrome is caused by the presence of two or more X-chromosomes along with the single Y chromosome, and Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a chromosomal ________

Answer 10

recessive genes; number 21 chromosome; Klinefelter; deletion

Question 11

The critical period for teratogens varies from organ to organ but, overall, exposure during the _____ stage is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities

Answer 11

embryonic

Question 12

Alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can cause _____, which encompases a range of conditions that involve largely irreversible physical, behavioural, and/or cognitive abnormalities

Answer 12

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 13

_____ used by pregnant women increases the risk for stillbirth, SIDS, seizures, low birthweight, an exaggerated startle response, and developmental delays

Answer 13

cocaine

Question 14

The most common symptoms of congenital CMV are some degree of _______ and hearing and vision impairments

Answer 14

intellectual disability

Question 15

Prenatal malnutrition is associated with a number of abnormalities, with severe _______ deficiency during the third trimester being especially detrimental for the developing brain

Answer 15

protein

Question 16

Prolonged ______ during the birth process can result in delayed motor and cognitive development, intellectual disability, and, in severe cases, cerebral palsy

Answer 16

anoxia

Question 17

A developmental psychologist investigating the influence of Bronfenbrenner’s mesosystem on child development will focus on:

Answer 17

interactions between home and school

Question 18

Down Syndrome is caused by:

Answer 18

a chromosomal abnormality

Question 19

During a “critical period”:

Answer 19

a particular aspect of development is most sensitive to environmental circumstances

Question 20

Research by Werner and Smith (1982) found that a high-risk baby is least likely to suffer long-term negative consequences if:

Answer 20

he or she is socially responsive

Question 21

Rutter (1985) studied the risk and protective factors that are associated with child psychopathology. His research found that which of the following places a child at greatest risk for behavioral problems?

Answer 21

severe marital discord and maternal psychopathology

Question 22

The most common cause of cerebral palsy is:

Answer 22

brain damage during fetal development

Question 23

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):

Answer 23

are largely irreversible

Question 24

Which of the following is useful for preventing the severe intellectual disability that can accompany phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 24

a special diet