Lifespan (Family, Peers, School, Television) Flashcards
Women are at higher risk for divorce when they marry at a young age, have a lower level of education, had a child before marriage or within _______ of marriage, or cohabitated with their partner prior to marriage
seven months
Gottesman and Levenson identified two interaction patterns that are predictive of divorce: an emotionally ______ patterns is predictive of earlier divorce, while an emotionally _____ pattern is predictive of later divorce
volatile attack-defend; inexpressive
Following divorce, custodial mothers are more often less warm and loving toward their children and are less consistent but more _______ in terms of punishment.
authoritarian
The effects of divorce on children tend to be most profound during the _____ after he divorce, but the specific consequences are related to the child’s age and gender
first year
Children who are ____ at the time of the divorce initially exhibit the most problems, while children who are ______ may exhibit more long-term negative consequences
preschoolers; older (6-8 years old)
A number of studies suggest that the immediate consequences of divorce are worse for male children, but their may be a _____ effect for female children, who don’t show serious problems initially but develop problems in adolescence
sleeper
Some research suggests that it is ______, rather than the divorce itself, that creates risk for children
parental conflict
Remarriage is generally more difficult for older children and adolescents, but ______ may actually benefit from the presence of a stepfather
preadolescent boys
Overall, the relationship between stepfathers and their stepchildren is best described as _______
disengaged
The benefits of maternal employment seem to outweigh its costs: children of working mothers exhibit more egalitarian _____, and in lower SES families, sons of working mothers obtain higher scores on measures of ______
gender-role concepts; cognitive development
Research on the effects of daycare has produced inconsistent results but, overall, it appears that high-quality daycare does not have a ______
detrimental impact
Studies comparing children of gay or lesbian parents with heterosexual parents indicate that the psychological adjustment, gender identity development, and sexual orientation of these children are ______
similar
In terms of child sexual abuse, there is evidence that the negative consequences are less severe when the perpetrator is a ________
stranger
In middle childhood, sibling relationships are marked by a paradoxical combination of ______ and cooperation/competition; while, in adolescence, sibling relationships become less ______ and more distant and egalitarian
closeness/conflict; emotionally intense
Play is viewed as essential for all aspects of a child’s development: _____ play, for example, provides opportunities to develop cognitive abilities related to symbolizing, imitation, and problem solving
dramatic (imaginative)
As described by Parten, children’s nonsocial play includes unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary play, while their social play includes parallel, associative, and _____ play
cooperative
research on the ______ hypothesis indicates that the subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support for alleviating feelings of loneliness and reducing the effects of stress
buffering
Studies comparing outcomes for rejected and neglected children have found that _______ children are less likely to experience an improvement in peer status when they change social groups
rejected
Peer pressure to conform peaks at about age _____ and, at this time, adolescents are responsive to all types of peer influence– neutral, positive, and negative
14 or 15;
Cartensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being ______
limited or unlimited
Although early cross-sectional studies found a _____ relationship between marital duration and satisfaction, subsequent studies using a different methodology have generally not supported that pattern
U-shaped
Research investigating the impact of teacher expectations suggests that they can have a ______ (Rosenthal) effect on student achievement
self-fulfilling prophecy
Teachers tend to treat boys and girls differently, For example, boys are more likely to be praised for ______, while girls are rewarded more for ____, cooperation, and dependent behaviours
intellectual accomplishments and tasks-related behaviour; effort
Gender differences in academic achievement have decreased in recent years, and there is evidence that, when parents do not have stereotyped beliefs about ______. their daughters are less likely to experience declines in math and science during adolescence
gender roles
Studies investigating the impact of Head Start and other compensatory programs suggest that gains in _______ are short-lived but that children who attend these programs have improved attitudes toward school are less likely to be placed in special education classes and to drop out of high school
IQ test scores
A distinguishing feature of the Montessori method is its assumption that learning stems from _______
sense perception
Television viewing has been linked to increased levels of ______, reinforcement of sex-role stereotypes, and increased risk for obesity
aggression
It is not until age ____ that children understand that TV characters are actors playing a role and age _____ that they understand that commercials are intended to influence the buying habits of viewers
7; 8
According to Carstensen’s (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory, most older adults prefer social relationships:
that provide them with emotional intimacy
A child is most likely to exhibit behavioral and psychological problems following the divorce of his parents if:
his parents frequently argue in front of him
It is not until the age of ___ that most children understand that, when the “bad guy” is shot on television, he is not really dead.
7
Research on teacher feedback suggests that teachers:
criticize and help boys more than girls.
Research on the outcomes of parental divorce for children has identified a “sleeper effect,” which refers to the tendency of:
girls to show an increase in negative outcomes as they reach adolescence.
Studies comparing children of lesbian and heterosexual mothers suggests that children of lesbian mothers:
are comparable in adjustment to children of heterosexual mothers
Tyrone and Tyree are 9-year-old twins. Their mother has worked as a bank teller since they were two years old. In comparison to children whose mothers do not work outside the home, you would expect Tyrone and Tyree to:
have fewer gender-role stereotypes
Which of the following is most likely to be an accurate description of the relationship between two sisters, ages 14 and 16?
somewhat distant but egalitarian
