Lifespan (Family, Peers, School, Television)

Question 1

Women are at higher risk for divorce when they marry at a young age, have a lower level of education, had a child before marriage or within _______ of marriage, or cohabitated with their partner prior to marriage

Answer 1

seven months

Question 2

Gottesman and Levenson identified two interaction patterns that are predictive of divorce: an emotionally ______ patterns is predictive of earlier divorce, while an emotionally _____ pattern is predictive of later divorce

Answer 2

volatile attack-defend; inexpressive

Question 3

Following divorce, custodial mothers are more often less warm and loving toward their children and are less consistent but more _______ in terms of punishment.

Answer 3

authoritarian

Question 4

The effects of divorce on children tend to be most profound during the _____ after he divorce, but the specific consequences are related to the child’s age and gender

Answer 4

first year

Question 5

Children who are ____ at the time of the divorce initially exhibit the most problems, while children who are ______ may exhibit more long-term negative consequences

Answer 5

preschoolers; older (6-8 years old)

Question 6

A number of studies suggest that the immediate consequences of divorce are worse for male children, but their may be a _____ effect for female children, who don’t show serious problems initially but develop problems in adolescence

Answer 6

sleeper

Question 7

Some research suggests that it is ______, rather than the divorce itself, that creates risk for children

Answer 7

parental conflict

Question 8

Remarriage is generally more difficult for older children and adolescents, but ______ may actually benefit from the presence of a stepfather

Answer 8

preadolescent boys

Question 9

Overall, the relationship between stepfathers and their stepchildren is best described as _______

Answer 9

disengaged

Question 10

The benefits of maternal employment seem to outweigh its costs: children of working mothers exhibit more egalitarian _____, and in lower SES families, sons of working mothers obtain higher scores on measures of ______

Answer 10

gender-role concepts; cognitive development

Question 11

Research on the effects of daycare has produced inconsistent results but, overall, it appears that high-quality daycare does not have a ______

Answer 11

detrimental impact

Question 12

Studies comparing children of gay or lesbian parents with heterosexual parents indicate that the psychological adjustment, gender identity development, and sexual orientation of these children are ______

Answer 12

similar

Question 13

In terms of child sexual abuse, there is evidence that the negative consequences are less severe when the perpetrator is a ________

Answer 13

stranger

Question 14

In middle childhood, sibling relationships are marked by a paradoxical combination of ______ and cooperation/competition; while, in adolescence, sibling relationships become less ______ and more distant and egalitarian

Answer 14

closeness/conflict; emotionally intense

Question 15

Play is viewed as essential for all aspects of a child’s development: _____ play, for example, provides opportunities to develop cognitive abilities related to symbolizing, imitation, and problem solving

Answer 15

dramatic (imaginative)

Question 16

As described by Parten, children’s nonsocial play includes unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary play, while their social play includes parallel, associative, and _____ play

Answer 16

cooperative

Question 17

research on the ______ hypothesis indicates that the subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support for alleviating feelings of loneliness and reducing the effects of stress

Answer 17

buffering

Question 18

Studies comparing outcomes for rejected and neglected children have found that _______ children are less likely to experience an improvement in peer status when they change social groups

Answer 18

rejected

Question 19

Peer pressure to conform peaks at about age _____ and, at this time, adolescents are responsive to all types of peer influence– neutral, positive, and negative

Answer 19

14 or 15;

Question 20

Cartensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being ______

Answer 20

limited or unlimited

Question 21

Although early cross-sectional studies found a _____ relationship between marital duration and satisfaction, subsequent studies using a different methodology have generally not supported that pattern

Answer 21

U-shaped

Question 22

Research investigating the impact of teacher expectations suggests that they can have a ______ (Rosenthal) effect on student achievement

Answer 22

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 23

Teachers tend to treat boys and girls differently, For example, boys are more likely to be praised for ______, while girls are rewarded more for ____, cooperation, and dependent behaviours

Answer 23

intellectual accomplishments and tasks-related behaviour; effort

Question 24

Gender differences in academic achievement have decreased in recent years, and there is evidence that, when parents do not have stereotyped beliefs about ______. their daughters are less likely to experience declines in math and science during adolescence

Answer 24

gender roles

Question 25

Studies investigating the impact of Head Start and other compensatory programs suggest that gains in _______ are short-lived but that children who attend these programs have improved attitudes toward school are less likely to be placed in special education classes and to drop out of high school

Answer 25

IQ test scores

Question 26

A distinguishing feature of the Montessori method is its assumption that learning stems from _______

Answer 26

sense perception

Question 27

Television viewing has been linked to increased levels of ______, reinforcement of sex-role stereotypes, and increased risk for obesity

Answer 27

aggression

Question 28

It is not until age ____ that children understand that TV characters are actors playing a role and age _____ that they understand that commercials are intended to influence the buying habits of viewers

Answer 28

7; 8

Question 29

According to Carstensen’s (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory, most older adults prefer social relationships:

Answer 29

that provide them with emotional intimacy

Question 30

A child is most likely to exhibit behavioral and psychological problems following the divorce of his parents if:

Answer 30

his parents frequently argue in front of him

Question 31

It is not until the age of ___ that most children understand that, when the “bad guy” is shot on television, he is not really dead.

Answer 31

7

Question 32

Research on teacher feedback suggests that teachers:

Answer 32

criticize and help boys more than girls.

Question 33

Research on the outcomes of parental divorce for children has identified a “sleeper effect,” which refers to the tendency of:

Answer 33

girls to show an increase in negative outcomes as they reach adolescence.

Question 34

Studies comparing children of lesbian and heterosexual mothers suggests that children of lesbian mothers:

Answer 34

are comparable in adjustment to children of heterosexual mothers

Question 35

Tyrone and Tyree are 9-year-old twins. Their mother has worked as a bank teller since they were two years old. In comparison to children whose mothers do not work outside the home, you would expect Tyrone and Tyree to:

Answer 35

have fewer gender-role stereotypes

Question 36

Which of the following is most likely to be an accurate description of the relationship between two sisters, ages 14 and 16?

Answer 36

somewhat distant but egalitarian