Learning Theory (Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions)

Question 1

Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT) conceptualizes behaviour in terms of and A-B-C chain, where A is an external event, B is the individual’s __________, and C is the _________. In other words, an emotional or behavioral response to an event (A) is due to _______ about the event rather than the event itself

Answer 1

beliefs about A; emotional or behavioural result of B; beliefs

Question 2

Beck’s cognitive therapy (CT) focuses on the impact of various cognitive phenomena on emotions and behaviours. Cognitive ______ are structures and rules that determine how people codify, categorize, and interpret theri experiences

Answer 2

schemas

Question 3

Schemas develop early in life and may be dormant until they’re activated by _______

Answer 3

internal or external stress

Question 4

______ are “surface-level cognitions” that intercede between the event and a person’s emotional or behavioural response to that event; while ________ are systematic errors in information processing that link maladaptive cognitive schemas and negative automatic thoughts

Answer 4

Automatic thoughts; cognitive distortions

Question 5

______ involves drawing conclusions without corroborative evidence

Answer 5

arbitrary inference

Question 6

_________ involves attending to details while ignoring the total context

Answer 6

selective abstraction

Question 7

According to Beck, each psychological disorder is characterized by a different cognitive profile. Depression, for example, involves the cognitive triad of a negative view of oneself, the world, and the ______

Answer 7

future

Question 8

The primary goal of CT is to modify the client’s dysfunctional beliefs and assumptions. This is achieved through the development of a ________ therapist-client relationship and the use of a broad range of cognitive and behavioural techniques

Answer 8

collaborative

Question 9

______ dialogue (questioning) is used to help the client reach logical conclusions about his/her problem

Answer 9

socratic

Question 10

An early homework assignment requires the client to keep a daily record of ________

Answer 10

dysfunctional thoughts

Question 11

self-instructional training was originally used to help impulsive and hyperactive children perform tasks more successfully. It involves five stages: cognitive modelling, _______, overt self-instruction, fading overt self-instruction, and _______

Answer 11

cognitive participant modelling; covert self-instruction

Question 12

______ is used to eliminate obsessive ruminations, self-criticism, and other unwanted thoughts and involves such techniques as covertly yelling “stop!” or snapping a rubber band placed around the wrist

Answer 12

Thought stopping

Question 13

The goal of attribution retraining is to help clients attribute their failures to _____ factors

Answer 13

external, unstable, specific

Question 14

Stress inoculation was designed to help people deal with stressful events by increasing their coping skills. It includes three stages: cognitive preparation, _______, and application and follow-through

Answer 14

skills acquisition and rehearsal

Question 15

According to Rehm, depression is related to deficits in self-monitoring, _______, and self-reinforcement.

Answer 15

self-evaluation

Question 16

Lewinsohn’s behavioural model attributes depression to a low rate of _______

Answer 16

response-contingent rienforcement

Question 17

The self-management procedures include a variety of techniques that emphasize the client’s responsibility for modifying his/her own behaviour. Self-monitoring is not only useful as an assessment tool but is also helpful for ______

Answer 17

promoting behaviour change

Question 18

Behaviour that is under ______ is influenced by the presence or absence of certain stimuli

Answer 18

stimulus control

Question 19

Biofeedback provides an individual with immediate performance feedback about a response that is usually considered involuntary. Several studies suggest that ______ is as effective as biofeedback for tension headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia.

Answer 19

relaxation training

Question 20

thermal biofeedback may be the treatment-of-choice for ______ disease, and a combination of thermal biofeedback and _______ is the best approach for migraine headaches

Answer 20

Raynaud’s; autogenic training

Question 21

According to Beck (1967, 1984), ideas or images that come without effort and that elicit an emotional reaction are:

Answer 21

automatic thoughts

Question 22

A practitioner of Beck’s cognitive therapy uses __________ questions to help clients identify and correct their logical errors and biases.

Answer 22

socratic

Question 23

A therapy client says, “I feel useless and incompetent and, therefore, I must be a worthless, incompetent person.” As described by Aaron Beck, this is an example of:

Answer 23

emotional reasoning

Question 24

Biofeedback is more effective than relaxation training for which of the following?

Answer 24

Raynaud’s disease

Question 25

Cognitive preparation, skills acquisition, and application and follow-through are the three overlapping phases of which of the following strategies?

Answer 25

stress inoculation
(Stress inoculation was designed to help people deal effectively with stress by enhancing their coping skills. It consists of the three phases listed in this question (cognitive preparation, skills acquisition, and application and follow-through))

Question 26

In Albert Ellis’s A-B-C model, B refers to:

Answer 26

beliefs about an antecedent event

Question 27

Rehm’s self-control therapy focuses on what?

Answer 27

self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement

Question 28

The notion of “collaborative empiricism” is associated with:

Answer 28

Beck
(Collaborative empiricism is a key strategy of Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy. When using this strategy, the therapist and client work together to gather evidence and test hypotheses about the client’s beliefs.)