Learning Theory (Principles Classical Conditioning)

Question 1

Pavlov found that, when a neutral stimulus was paired with a stimulus that naturally elicited salivation, eventually, the neutral stimulus also produced a salivation response. He referred to the stimulus that naturally elicited salivation as the ________ stimulus and the response it elicited as the _____ response

Answer 1

unconditioned; unconditioned

Question 2

Pavlov called the neutral stimulus the ______ stimulus and the response it produced after conditioning trials the ________ response

Answer 2

conditioned; conditioned

Question 3

The effectiveness of classical conditioning depends on several factors including the temporal relationship between the CS and the US. _________ conditioning is the most effective type of conditioning and involves presenting the CS so that it ________ presentation of the US

Answer 3

delay; precedes and overlaps

Question 4

_________ conditioning, which involves presenting the US before the CS, is rarely effective for establishing a conditioned response

Answer 4

backward

Question 5

Repeated presentation of the CS without the US produces extinction of the ________

Answer 5

CR

Question 6

Pavlov’s investigations of extinction revealed that a weak CR is often elicited by the CS following extinction trials. He named this phenomenon _________ and argued that it proved that once something is learned, it is never entirely forgotten

Answer 6

spontaneous recovery

Question 7

Pavlov also found that following conditioning trials, the dogs in his study exhibited _______ generalization, which occurred when a dog responded with a CR to stimuli that were similar to the original ________

Answer 7

stimulus; CS

Question 8

Pavlov also discovered that difficult discriminations between stimuli (eg. between circle and ellipse) produced ________

Answer 8

experimental neurosis

Question 9

______ conditioning occurs when an established CS is consistently presented following a neutral stimulus so that the neurtral stimulus also produces a CR. In this situation, the CS is being treated as a(n) ______

Answer 9

higher-order; US

Question 10

______ occurs when an association has been made between a CS and US, and the CS and a second neutral stimulus are then presented together prior to the US. In this situation, the second neutral stimulus does not produce a CR

Answer 10

blocking

Question 11

Watson used classical conditioning to establish a phobia in and 11 month old boy names Albert. This involved pairing presentation of a white rat with a loud noise so that, eventually, the white rat alone elicited a __________

Answer 11

startle response

Question 12

In the little Albert experiment, the white rate was a(n) ______ stimulus, while the loud noise was a(n) _______ stimulus. Following conditioning, Albert exhibited a great deal of ________: He responded with fear not only to the white rat but also to other white furry objects

Answer 12

conditioned; unconditioned; stimulus generalization

Question 13

Classical extinction occurs when:

Answer 13

the CS is repeatedly presented alone

Question 14

Dr. Daniel Daggett presents Stimulus A along with a loud noise so that, eventually, a participant in his study reacts with a startle reaction whenever Stimulus A is presented alone. Dr. Daggett then pairs Stimulus B with Stimulus A so that Stimulus B also elicits a startle reaction when presented alone. This procedure is an example of:

Answer 14

higher-order conditioning

Question 15

In one series of studies, Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a black square but not in response to a light grey square. Subsequently, when the dogs were shown a medium grey square, they exhibited which of the following?

Answer 15

experimental neurosis

Question 16

In Watson’s research, Little Albert’s fear of white fur and cotton was the result of:

Answer 16

stimulus generalization

Question 17

Rescorla and Wagner (1972) contend that “blocking” occurs because:

Answer 17

the second neutral stimulus does not provide new information about the US.

Question 18

To reduce a client’s cigarette smoking, the client is exposed to several treatment sessions in which stale cigarette smoke is blown into his face soon after he begins to smoke a cigarette and this continues until he stops smoking. Eventually, the client feels nauseous whenever he even thinks about smoking. In this situation, the stale cigarette smoke has acted as:

Answer 18

an unconditioned stimulus