Physiology (Brain anatomy and physiology)

Question 1

The hindbrain consists of the pons, the medulla, and the cerebellum. The ________ regulates a number of vital functions and damage to this structure is often fatal

Answer 1

medulla

Question 2

The ______ is important for balance, posture, and coordination, and damage can produce _____, which involves slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance

Answer 2

cerebellum; ataxia

Question 3

The midbrain includes the _____, which is vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness

Answer 3

reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 4

The forebrain consists of subcortical structures. One of the subcortical structures, the ______, acts as a relay station for all the senses except ______

Answer 4

thalamus; olfaction

Question 5

_____ syndrome is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism

Answer 5

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Question 6

The ______ governs a number of vital functions (e.g., hunger, thirst, temperature), integrates and coordinates emotional reactions, and initiates the responses needed to maintain the body’s internal ________

Answer 6

hypothalamus; homeostasis

Question 7

The ______ mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms

Answer 7

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

Question 8

The ______ are important in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements.

Answer 8

basal ganglia

Question 9

The basil ganglia are involved in several disorders with prominent motor symptoms including Huntington’s disease, _______ disease, Tourette’s disorder, and ADHD

Answer 9

Parkinson’s

Question 10

The limbic system is associated primarily with emotional activities. The amygdala attaches emotions to ______,, and damage to the amygdala and temporal lobes can produce _____ syndrome, which is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, psychic blindness, and hypersexuality

Answer 10

memories; Kluver-Bucy

Question 11

The hippocampus is involved more with learning and memory than with emotions and is responsible for ______ declarative memories

Answer 11

consolidating

Question 12

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several bundles of fibres, the largest is the ________

Answer 12

corpus callosum

Question 13

For most sensory and motor functions, the cerebral cortex exhibits ______ representation, which means that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa

Answer 13

contralateral

Question 14

While both hemispheres play a role in most behaviours, the ______ (usually left) hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, ______ memory, and ______ emotions, while the ____ (usually right) hemisphere governs _____ recognition, nonverbal memory, and _____ emotions

Answer 14

dominant; verbal; positive; non-dominant; facial; negative

Question 15

Brain lateralization has been demonstrated by studies examining the effects of severing the corpus callosum in order to control severe _______

Answer 15

epilepsy

Question 16

When a familiar object is presented to the _____ visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can name the object but cannot pick it out with his/her _____ hand

Answer 16

right; left

Question 17

each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex contains 4 lobes. The frontal lobe contains: (5 things)

Answer 17

the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, and prefrontal cortex

Question 18

The _____ is located on the precentral gyrus and is involved in the execution of movement, while the ______ plays a role in the learning of new motor sequences and, in conjunction with the primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, mediates motor imagery

Answer 18

primary motor cortex; supplementary motor area

Question 19

Damage to specific areas of the prefrontal cortex may produce one of three syndromes: Damage to the dorsolateral area results in dorsal convexity ______ syndrome; damage to the orbitofrontal area produces orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as ______, and damage to the mediofrontal area produces mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as ______

Answer 19

dysexecutive; pseudopsychopathy; pseudodepression

Question 20

The parietal lobes contain the ______ cortex, which is located on the postcentral gyrus. Damage to this area may cause tactile ______, apraxia, anosognosia, and disturbances in spatial orientation

Answer 20

somatosensory; agnosia

Question 21

Lesions in the left parietal lobe may produce ____ syndrome, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

Answer 21

Gerstmann’s

Question 22

The temporal lobes contain the ______ cortex and _____ area and are involved in the encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term _____ memories

Answer 22

auditory; Wernicke’s; declarative

Question 23

The occipital lobes contain the ______ cortex, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory. Damage may produce _____, which is an inability to recognize familiar objects

Answer 23

visual; visual agnosia

Question 24

Lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes can produce ____, which is the inability to recognize familiar faces

Answer 24

prosopagnosia

Question 25

All sensory systems except __________ have connections through the thalamus.

Answer 25

olfaction

Question 26

A middle-aged man exhibits slurred speech, a lack of coordination, and tremors. If his symptoms are due to brain damage, the most likely location of the damage is the:

Answer 26

cerebellum

Question 27

An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:

Answer 27

forget events that occur after the accident that caused the damage

Question 28

A split-brain patient is staring straight ahead when the word “headband” is flashed directly in front of her. The woman will most likely report seeing which of the following?

Answer 28

band

Question 29

Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to produce deficits in:

Answer 29

executive cognitive functions

Question 30

Damage to _______ would most likely result in impairments in the organization and coordination of voluntary motor responses?

Answer 30

basal ganglia

Question 31

Following a head injury, a women exhibits dressing apraxia and tactile agnosia and doesn’t comb the hair on the left side of her head. Which area of her brain has most likely been damaged?

Answer 31

parietal lobe

Question 32

Following a stroke, a woman is unable to recognize the faces of her relatives and her two pet dogs as well as her own face in the mirror. This condition is referred to as:

Answer 32

prosopagnosia

Question 33

Research conducted in the 1930s found that ablation of the anterior temporal lobes in male rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including hypersexuality, placidity, oral tendencies, and psychic blindness. This condition is known as __________ syndrome.

Answer 33

Kluver-Bucy

Question 34

The body’s circadian rhythms are controlled by the:

Answer 34

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 35

The corpus callosum is:

Answer 35

a bundle of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres

Question 36

Which of the following structures is part of the hindbrain?

Answer 36

medulla oblongata