Physiology (Brain anatomy and physiology) Flashcards
The hindbrain consists of the pons, the medulla, and the cerebellum. The ________ regulates a number of vital functions and damage to this structure is often fatal
medulla
The ______ is important for balance, posture, and coordination, and damage can produce _____, which involves slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance
cerebellum; ataxia
The midbrain includes the _____, which is vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness
reticular activating system (RAS)
The forebrain consists of subcortical structures. One of the subcortical structures, the ______, acts as a relay station for all the senses except ______
thalamus; olfaction
_____ syndrome is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism
Wernicke-Korsakoff
The ______ governs a number of vital functions (e.g., hunger, thirst, temperature), integrates and coordinates emotional reactions, and initiates the responses needed to maintain the body’s internal ________
hypothalamus; homeostasis
The ______ mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms
SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
The ______ are important in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements.
basal ganglia
The basil ganglia are involved in several disorders with prominent motor symptoms including Huntington’s disease, _______ disease, Tourette’s disorder, and ADHD
Parkinson’s
The limbic system is associated primarily with emotional activities. The amygdala attaches emotions to ______,, and damage to the amygdala and temporal lobes can produce _____ syndrome, which is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, psychic blindness, and hypersexuality
memories; Kluver-Bucy
The hippocampus is involved more with learning and memory than with emotions and is responsible for ______ declarative memories
consolidating
The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several bundles of fibres, the largest is the ________
corpus callosum
For most sensory and motor functions, the cerebral cortex exhibits ______ representation, which means that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa
contralateral
While both hemispheres play a role in most behaviours, the ______ (usually left) hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, ______ memory, and ______ emotions, while the ____ (usually right) hemisphere governs _____ recognition, nonverbal memory, and _____ emotions
dominant; verbal; positive; non-dominant; facial; negative
Brain lateralization has been demonstrated by studies examining the effects of severing the corpus callosum in order to control severe _______
epilepsy
When a familiar object is presented to the _____ visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can name the object but cannot pick it out with his/her _____ hand
right; left
each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex contains 4 lobes. The frontal lobe contains: (5 things)
the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, and prefrontal cortex
The _____ is located on the precentral gyrus and is involved in the execution of movement, while the ______ plays a role in the learning of new motor sequences and, in conjunction with the primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, mediates motor imagery
primary motor cortex; supplementary motor area
Damage to specific areas of the prefrontal cortex may produce one of three syndromes: Damage to the dorsolateral area results in dorsal convexity ______ syndrome; damage to the orbitofrontal area produces orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as ______, and damage to the mediofrontal area produces mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as ______
dysexecutive; pseudopsychopathy; pseudodepression
The parietal lobes contain the ______ cortex, which is located on the postcentral gyrus. Damage to this area may cause tactile ______, apraxia, anosognosia, and disturbances in spatial orientation
somatosensory; agnosia
Lesions in the left parietal lobe may produce ____ syndrome, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia
Gerstmann’s
The temporal lobes contain the ______ cortex and _____ area and are involved in the encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term _____ memories
auditory; Wernicke’s; declarative
The occipital lobes contain the ______ cortex, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory. Damage may produce _____, which is an inability to recognize familiar objects
visual; visual agnosia
Lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes can produce ____, which is the inability to recognize familiar faces
prosopagnosia
All sensory systems except __________ have connections through the thalamus.
olfaction
A middle-aged man exhibits slurred speech, a lack of coordination, and tremors. If his symptoms are due to brain damage, the most likely location of the damage is the:
cerebellum
An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:
forget events that occur after the accident that caused the damage
A split-brain patient is staring straight ahead when the word “headband” is flashed directly in front of her. The woman will most likely report seeing which of the following?
band
Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to produce deficits in:
executive cognitive functions
Damage to _______ would most likely result in impairments in the organization and coordination of voluntary motor responses?
basal ganglia
Following a head injury, a women exhibits dressing apraxia and tactile agnosia and doesn’t comb the hair on the left side of her head. Which area of her brain has most likely been damaged?
parietal lobe
Following a stroke, a woman is unable to recognize the faces of her relatives and her two pet dogs as well as her own face in the mirror. This condition is referred to as:
prosopagnosia
Research conducted in the 1930s found that ablation of the anterior temporal lobes in male rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including hypersexuality, placidity, oral tendencies, and psychic blindness. This condition is known as __________ syndrome.
Kluver-Bucy
The body’s circadian rhythms are controlled by the:
suprachiasmatic nucleus
The corpus callosum is:
a bundle of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres
Which of the following structures is part of the hindbrain?
medulla oblongata
