Abnormal Psychology (Bipolar and related depressive disorders) Flashcards
The diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder requires the presence of at least one manic episode that lasts for at least _______
one week
The diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder requires at least one major depressive episode and one _______ episode
hypomanic
Of the psychiatric disorders, Bipolar disorder has most consistently been linked to _____ factors
genetic
Treatment for Bipolar disorder often includes _____, which not only reduces manic symptoms but also levels out mood swings
lithium
For those who don’t respond well to Lithium, what kinds of drugs have been used to treat Bipolar disorder?
- anti-seizure drugs such as carbamazepine or divalproex sodium
- for acute mania, olanzapine, risperidone and other antipsychotics may be useful
A diagnosis of Cyclothymic disorder requires a duration of symptoms of at least ____ in adults, and ______ in children and adolescents
two years; one year
hypomanic episode
a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy that lasts for at least four consecutive days and is present most of the day nearly every day
most common comorbid conditions with bipolar disorder are:
-anxiety and substance abuse
the lifetime prevalence of completed suicide for individuals with Bipolar disorder is about ______times the risk for the general population
15
psychosocial interventions that have been found to be effective for Bipolar disorder are:
-cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), family-focussed treatment (FFT), and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
a diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of at least _____ symptoms of a major depressive episode with at least one symptom being either depressed mood or ______
five; loss of interest or pleasure
The peripartum onset specifier of MDD applies when the onset of symptoms if during pregnancy or within _____weeks postpartum
four
Seasonal pattern specifier for MDD applies when:
there is a temporal relationship between the onset of symptoms and a particular time of the year
symptoms of seasonal affective disorder include:
hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates
In children, the rates of MDD are about equal for boys and girls, but in adults, the rate for women is about _____ the rate of men
twice
In children, _____complaints of irritability are common; among older adults, cognitive impairments may resemble those seen in _______
somatic; major or mild Neurocognitive disorder
evidence for a genetic contribution to MDD is provided by studies showing the disorder is ______ times more common among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with the disorder than among individuals int the general population
1.5- 3.0
according to the _____ hypothesis, depression is due to a deficiency of norepinephrine
catecholamine
Lewinson’s behavioural theory links depression to a low rate of ________
response contingent reinforcement
a recent version of the learned helplessness model identifies ______ as the proximal and sufficient cause of MDD
hopelessness
Beck’s cognitive theory
describes depression as involving a “cognitive triad” characterized by negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future
A diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) requires the presence of depressed mood for at least ______in adults and _____ in children and adolescents
2 years; one year
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
-most effective for “classic depression” that include vegetative (bodily) symptoms, worsening of symptoms in the morning, an acute onset and short duration of symptoms, and symptoms of moderate severity
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
considered the first-line drug treatment for modern to severe depression and have few side effects and a lower risk for fatal overdose than TCAs
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
may be beneficial for individuals who do not respond well to TCAs or SSRIs and/or who have atypical symptoms (anxiety, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, interpersonal sensitivity)
undesirable effects of ECT include:
anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confusion, and disorientation– but these effects can be diminished by administering ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere
About ____% of people who commit suicide have a diagnosis of a mood disorder
60
until recently the highest suicide rate has been for individuals ages 65 and older, but beginning in 2004, the rates for individuals ages ________ began to surpass the rates of the older age group
25-64
In terms of gender, ______ are more likely to commit suicide, while _____ are more likely to attempt suicide
males; females
Next to Whites, Native Americans have the highest rate of suicide for ages ______
15-34
when suicide is linked to depression, it is most likely to occur with ____ after depressive symptoms start to improve
3 months
A 63-year-old college professor exhibits impairments in memory and other cognitive functions and a depressed mood. What might suggests that his symptoms are more likely due to “pseudodementia” than to a major or mild Neurocognitive Disorder?
The man exaggerates his cognitive deficits and seems overly concerned about them.
Abnormal levels of melatonin have been linked to which diagnosis?
Major Depressive Disorder with seasonal pattern
According to the DSM-5, the 12-month prevalence rate for Bipolar I Disorder in the United States is _____ percent.
0.6
Anita A., age 16, is brought to therapy by her mother who says the girl has recently become “another person.” She says that Anita used to be friendly and cooperative and popular at school. However, for the last few weeks, Anita has been constantly irritable, is not doing her homework and has failed several tests, and has been getting very little sleep. When the therapist interviews Anita, her speech is loud and rapid and she is easily distracted. He learns that she has started drinking alcohol nearly every day and has engaged in high-risk sexual behavior. The most likely diagnosis for Anita is:
Bipolar I Disorder
What is the rate for males compared to females in the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in adolescents and adults?
The rate for females is one and one-half to three times the rate for males
