Lifespan (Cognitive development)

Question 1

According to Piaget, adaptation reflects two complementary processes: _______ involves incorporating new information into existing schemas, while ______ entails modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information

Answer 1

assimilation; accomodation

Question 2

Piaget distinguished between four stages of development that he considered to be both universal and invariant: During the _____ stage, development depends on the sensory information provided by objects and other people and the actions that can be performed upon them.

Answer 2

sensorimotor

Question 3

Major accomplishments of the sensorimotor stage include the development of _____ thought, _____ permanence, ______ imitation, and make-believe play

Answer 3

representational (symbolic); object; deferred

Question 4

The preoperational stage is characterized by a number of limitations including ______ reasoning, which underlies magical thinking and ______, which is the tendency to attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects.

Answer 4

precausal (transductive); animism

Question 5

children in the _____ stage are capable of conservation, which depends on the operations of reversibility and ______.

Answer 5

concrete operational; decentration

Question 6

Piaget used the term ______ to describe the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a specific stage of development.

Answer 6

horizontal declage

Question 7

The _______ stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and engage in ______ reasoning. The beginning of this stage involves renewed egocentrism, which, according to Elkind, is reflected in two phenomena –the personal fable and the _______

Answer 7

formal operational; hypothetico-deductive; imaginary audience

Question 8

In contrast to Piagetians, information processing theorists focus on development within specific _____

Answer 8

cognitive domains

Question 9

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on the role of social and cultural factors and emphasizes the importance of the zone of ________, which refers to the discrepancy between a child’s current developmental level that he/she can reach when an adult or more experienced peer provides appropriate _______

Answer 9

proximal development; scaffolding

Question 10

Research comparing the memory of children and adults suggests that, until about age _____ children do not regularly use rehearsal, elaboration, and other memory strategies

Answer 10

9 or 10

Question 11

Improvements on cognitive tasks that occur as children get older are due, in part, to improvements in _______ (thinking about thinking)

Answer 11

metacognition

Question 12

Among older adults, ____ memory shows the greatest age-related decline, which appears to be due primarily to problems related to the use of effective _____ strategies

Answer 12

recent long-term (secondary); encoding

Question 13

The ability of adults to have better recall of autobiographical events that occured between the ages of 10 and 30 is referred to as the _______

Answer 13

reminiscence bump

Question 14

According to Piaget, centration, or the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation or object while ignoring all others, is characteristic of the _________ stage.

Answer 14

preoperational

Question 15

According to Piaget, the source of motivation for cognitive development is:

Answer 15

equilibration

Question 16

As defined by Piaget, assimilation involves:

Answer 16

incorporating new information into existing knowledge

Question 17

As described by Vygotsky, __________ is a temporary aid provided by one person (the “teacher”) to encourage, support, and assist a lesser-skilled person (the “learner”) acquire a skill or solve a problem.

Answer 17

scaffolding

Question 18

Children under the age of 9 often have trouble with memory tasks because of their:

Answer 18

inconsistent use of rehearsal and other memory strategies

Question 19

In response to your concerns about the potential consequences of his recent risk-taking behaviors, a 16-year-old says, “Don’t worry, that can’t happen to me.” According to Elkind, this is a manifestation of which of the following?

Answer 19

egocentrism

Question 20

Studies have found that, when older adults are asked to recall personal events from their lives, they often exhibit a “reminiscence bump.” A recent explanation for this phenomenon is that it is due to which of the following?

Answer 20

development of a personal sense of identity

Question 21

Which of the following best describes changes in memory that are associated with normal aging?

Answer 21

Recent long-term memory is most adversely affected by increasing age due to inadequate encoding strategies.