Learning Theory (Memory and Forgetting) Flashcards
The information processing (multi-store) model divides memory into three components: ________ stores a great deal of information but retains it for a very brief period of time.
sensory memory
Information is transferred to STM when it becomes the _______
focus of attention
The capacity of STM is limited but can be expanded by _______ related items of information
chunking
The aspect of STM known as _______ is responsible for the manipulation and processing of information
working memory
With _______, information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory, especially when it is elaborative
rehearsal
The existence of separate stores is supported by studies on the ________ effect.
serial position
According to levels of processing model, the ________ level represents the deepest level of processing and produces the greatest amount of recall.
semantic
Procedural memory stores information on _______, while declarative memory mediates the acquisition of ______
how to do things; facts and other information
One aspect of declarative memory, _______ memory, contains common-sense knowledge and knowledge about language and the rules of logic and inference
semantic
______ memory stores information about personal experiences
episodic
______ memory is sometimes classified as a component of declarative memory and refers to the ability to remember to do things in the future
prospective
According to Baddeley’s multi-component model, working memory consists of four components –the ________, which acts as an “attentional control system” and coordinates the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and _______
central executive; episodic buffer
Broadbent’s filter theory was the first “bottleneck” theory of attention and explains how information is transferred from ______
sensory memory to STM
The accuracy of memory is affected by existing ______, or cognitive structures that can bias the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
schemas
Trace decay theory predicts that memories fade over time as the result of ______.
disuse
Interference theory proposes that forgetting is due either to ______ interference, which occurs when newly-learned information inhibits previously learned information, or ________ interference, which occurs when previously learned information disrupts the learning or recall of subsequent material
retroactive; proactive
Research on _____ learning has shown that recall of information is sometimes better when the learner is in the same emotional state during learning and recall
state-dependent
Mnemonic devices are memory strategies that can be either visual or verbal. The _____ involves visually associating items with a series of places already in memory, while the ______ mnemonic entails forming a word from the first letters of the words or phrases to be remembered.
method of loci; acronym
According to Yerkes-Dodson Law, ________ levels of arousal maximize the efficacy of learning and performance
moderate
A person with deficits in prospective memory will have trouble:
remembering a future meeting with a co-worker
A research participant remembers a list of unrelated words by envisioning each item in a different location in her living room while memorizing and then recalling the list (e.g., one item on the TV, one under the coffee table, one on the chair). This is referred to as:
method of loci
As conceptualized in Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multi-component model, the ________ is responsible for directing attention to relevant sensory information.
central executive
Craik and Lockhart’s (1972) levels-of-processing model:
implies that elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.
Echoic is to iconic as:
auditory is to visual
In high school, Stuart S. took Spanish for four years and, as a result, became a pretty good speaker of Spanish. During his first year of college, Stuart took French and, at the end of the year, he found that he had trouble remembering many Spanish words. This is best explained by what?
retroactive interference
Sensory memory:
holds a large amount of sensory data for a brief period.
Studies on the “serial position effect” have provided information on:
primacy and recency effects
