Learning Theory (Memory and Forgetting)

Question 1

The information processing (multi-store) model divides memory into three components: ________ stores a great deal of information but retains it for a very brief period of time.

Answer 1

sensory memory

Question 2

Information is transferred to STM when it becomes the _______

Answer 2

focus of attention

Question 3

The capacity of STM is limited but can be expanded by _______ related items of information

Answer 3

chunking

Question 4

The aspect of STM known as _______ is responsible for the manipulation and processing of information

Answer 4

working memory

Question 5

With _______, information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory, especially when it is elaborative

Answer 5

rehearsal

Question 6

The existence of separate stores is supported by studies on the ________ effect.

Answer 6

serial position

Question 7

According to levels of processing model, the ________ level represents the deepest level of processing and produces the greatest amount of recall.

Answer 7

semantic

Question 8

Procedural memory stores information on _______, while declarative memory mediates the acquisition of ______

Answer 8

how to do things; facts and other information

Question 9

One aspect of declarative memory, _______ memory, contains common-sense knowledge and knowledge about language and the rules of logic and inference

Answer 9

semantic

Question 10

______ memory stores information about personal experiences

Answer 10

episodic

Question 11

______ memory is sometimes classified as a component of declarative memory and refers to the ability to remember to do things in the future

Answer 11

prospective

Question 12

According to Baddeley’s multi-component model, working memory consists of four components –the ________, which acts as an “attentional control system” and coordinates the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and _______

Answer 12

central executive; episodic buffer

Question 13

Broadbent’s filter theory was the first “bottleneck” theory of attention and explains how information is transferred from ______

Answer 13

sensory memory to STM

Question 14

The accuracy of memory is affected by existing ______, or cognitive structures that can bias the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 14

schemas

Question 15

Trace decay theory predicts that memories fade over time as the result of ______.

Answer 15

disuse

Question 16

Interference theory proposes that forgetting is due either to ______ interference, which occurs when newly-learned information inhibits previously learned information, or ________ interference, which occurs when previously learned information disrupts the learning or recall of subsequent material

Answer 16

retroactive; proactive

Question 17

Research on _____ learning has shown that recall of information is sometimes better when the learner is in the same emotional state during learning and recall

Answer 17

state-dependent

Question 18

Mnemonic devices are memory strategies that can be either visual or verbal. The _____ involves visually associating items with a series of places already in memory, while the ______ mnemonic entails forming a word from the first letters of the words or phrases to be remembered.

Answer 18

method of loci; acronym

Question 19

According to Yerkes-Dodson Law, ________ levels of arousal maximize the efficacy of learning and performance

Answer 19

moderate

Question 20

A person with deficits in prospective memory will have trouble:

Answer 20

remembering a future meeting with a co-worker

Question 21

A research participant remembers a list of unrelated words by envisioning each item in a different location in her living room while memorizing and then recalling the list (e.g., one item on the TV, one under the coffee table, one on the chair). This is referred to as:

Answer 21

method of loci

Question 22

As conceptualized in Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multi-component model, the ________ is responsible for directing attention to relevant sensory information.

Answer 22

central executive

Question 23

Craik and Lockhart’s (1972) levels-of-processing model:

Answer 23

implies that elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.

Question 24

Echoic is to iconic as:

Answer 24

auditory is to visual

Question 25

In high school, Stuart S. took Spanish for four years and, as a result, became a pretty good speaker of Spanish. During his first year of college, Stuart took French and, at the end of the year, he found that he had trouble remembering many Spanish words. This is best explained by what?

Answer 25

retroactive interference

Question 26

Sensory memory:

Answer 26

holds a large amount of sensory data for a brief period.

Question 27

Studies on the “serial position effect” have provided information on:

Answer 27

primacy and recency effects