Physiology (Neurobehavioral, Psychophysiological, Endocrine)

Question 1

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be the result of either a closed- or open-head injury. A closed head injury usually causes an alteration or loss of ______ and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

Level of severity for TBI is often determined by considering the person’s initial score on the ______, duration of ______, and duration of loss of consciousness

Answer 2

Glasgow Coma scale; posttraumatic amnesia

Question 3

The term posttraumatic amnesia is usually used to refer to _______ amnesia

Answer 3

anterograde

Question 4

When retrograde amnesia occurs, _______ memories return first

Answer 4

remote

Question 5

Recovery from TBI is moderated by a number of factors, but, in general, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first _____ months

Answer 5

three

Question 6

As described in the DSM-5, the diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury requires that symptoms meet the criteria for Major or Mild neurocognitive disorder plus evidence of a traumatic brain injury with loss of _____, ______, disorientation and confusion, and/or neurological signs

Answer 6

consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia

Question 7

Common symptoms of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident) include contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral _____, and contralateral visual field loss

Answer 7

hemianesthesia

Question 8

When the stroke involves the ____ cerebral artery, symptoms may also include dysarthia, aphasia, or apraxia

Answer 8

middle

Question 9

Huntington’s disease is due to an _____ dominant gene and is characterized by a combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms

Answer 9

autosomal

Question 10

Huntington’s disease has been linked to degeneration of ______-secreting cells and glutamate excitotoxicity in certain structures of the basal ganglia

Answer 10

GABA

Question 11

Parkinson’s disease is due to the degeneration of ______-containing cells in the substantia nigra and involves tremor at rest, _______ (“cruel restlessness”), muscle rigidity, and _______ (a reduction or absence of spontaneous movements)

Answer 11

dopamine; akathisia; akinesia

Question 12

______ (grand mal) seizures involve stiffening of the body followed by rhythmic shaking of the limbs, while ______ (petit mal) seizures are characterized by a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms

Answer 12

Tonic-clonic; absence

Question 13

_____ seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially.

Answer 13

Partial

Question 14

Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive disease of the nervous system that involves degeneration of the ______ that surrounds nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. Initial symptoms include optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, and ______ abnormalities

Answer 14

Myelin; sensory

Question 15

psychophysiological disorders are characterized by symptoms that are caused, maintained, or exacerbated by ______ factors

Answer 15

emotional (psychological)

Question 16

_______ syndrome is often triggered by anxiety or other emotional state and may be confused with ____ or certain respiratory disorders such as asthma

Answer 16

Hyperventilation; coronary heart disease

Question 17

_____, the “silent killer” is often asymptomatic but can lead to heart failure, kidney failure, or stroke. It tends to run in families and is more common in men and in

Answer 17

Essential (primary) hypertension; African Americans

Question 18

Migraine headaches are precipitated or aggravated by a broad range of factors including stress and ______ after stress, alcohol, and foods containing tyramine phenylethylamine

Answer 18

relaxation

Question 19

While migraines involve _____ pain, usually on one side of the head, _____ headaches are characterized by non-throbbing pain on both sides of the head

Answer 19

throbbing; tension

Question 20

PMS usually develops after _____ and lasts until just before or after menstruation begins

Answer 20

ovulation

Question 21

Hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary results in ______

Answer 21

diabetes insipidus

Question 22

Too much thyroxine produces _____, which is characterized by speeded-up metabolism, _______ body temperature, weight loss, agitation, and insomnia

Answer 22

hyperthyroidism; elevated

Question 23

Too little thyroxine results in ______, which involves slowed metabolism, weight gain, lowered body temperature, depression, lethargy, and impaired _____

Answer 23

hypothyroidism; memory and concentration

Question 24

The pancreas releases insulin, and too much of this hormone results in ______, which is characterized by hunger, dizziness, headaches, depression, and confusion.

Answer 24

hypoglycemia

Question 25

Too little insulin can produce ______

Answer 25

diabetes mellitus

Question 26

Behavioural genetic research focuses on identifying genes that impact _____ and ______

Answer 26

behavioural aspects; disorders

Question 27

Research may either use a ______, which emphasizes the total effect of genetic and environmental variables on traits, or ____, which identifies specific genes responsible for influencing behavioural traits

Answer 27

quantitative genetic method; molecular genetic methods

Question 28

A(n) ________ seizure affects movement and sensation on one side of the body without a loss of consciousness.

Answer 28

simple partial

Question 29

As the result of a closed-head injury caused by a skateboard accident, a 19-year-old loses her ability to recall events that occurred during the two years prior to the injury. When her memories begin to return, she is most likely to recall which of the following first?

Answer 29

the trip she took with her family 18 months before the accident (the most remote memories are the first to return)

Question 30

A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery and affecting the dominant (left) hemisphere is most likely to cause which of the following?

Answer 30

contralateral hemianesthesia and aphasia

Question 31

A young woman says that she always feels cold, is frequently depressed and has trouble concentrating, is lethargic and has lost interest in sex, and has gained weight even though she doesn’t eat much. These symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following endocrine disorders?

Answer 31

hypothyroidism

Question 32

For many patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first ________ following the injury.

Answer 32

3 months

Question 33

Quantitative genetic methods are used to determine the ________ of genetic and environmental dynamics, while molecular genetic methods are used to classify ________ responsible for genetic influence.

Answer 33

net effect; certain genes

Question 34

Research on symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease suggests that depression:

Answer 34

may be endogeneous to the disease rather than just a reaction to it.