Physiology (Neurobehavioral, Psychophysiological, Endocrine) Flashcards
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be the result of either a closed- or open-head injury. A closed head injury usually causes an alteration or loss of ______ and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia
consciousness
Level of severity for TBI is often determined by considering the person’s initial score on the ______, duration of ______, and duration of loss of consciousness
Glasgow Coma scale; posttraumatic amnesia
The term posttraumatic amnesia is usually used to refer to _______ amnesia
anterograde
When retrograde amnesia occurs, _______ memories return first
remote
Recovery from TBI is moderated by a number of factors, but, in general, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first _____ months
three
As described in the DSM-5, the diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury requires that symptoms meet the criteria for Major or Mild neurocognitive disorder plus evidence of a traumatic brain injury with loss of _____, ______, disorientation and confusion, and/or neurological signs
consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia
Common symptoms of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident) include contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral _____, and contralateral visual field loss
hemianesthesia
When the stroke involves the ____ cerebral artery, symptoms may also include dysarthia, aphasia, or apraxia
middle
Huntington’s disease is due to an _____ dominant gene and is characterized by a combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms
autosomal
Huntington’s disease has been linked to degeneration of ______-secreting cells and glutamate excitotoxicity in certain structures of the basal ganglia
GABA
Parkinson’s disease is due to the degeneration of ______-containing cells in the substantia nigra and involves tremor at rest, _______ (“cruel restlessness”), muscle rigidity, and _______ (a reduction or absence of spontaneous movements)
dopamine; akathisia; akinesia
______ (grand mal) seizures involve stiffening of the body followed by rhythmic shaking of the limbs, while ______ (petit mal) seizures are characterized by a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms
Tonic-clonic; absence
_____ seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially.
Partial
Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive disease of the nervous system that involves degeneration of the ______ that surrounds nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. Initial symptoms include optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, and ______ abnormalities
Myelin; sensory
psychophysiological disorders are characterized by symptoms that are caused, maintained, or exacerbated by ______ factors
emotional (psychological)
_______ syndrome is often triggered by anxiety or other emotional state and may be confused with ____ or certain respiratory disorders such as asthma
Hyperventilation; coronary heart disease
_____, the “silent killer” is often asymptomatic but can lead to heart failure, kidney failure, or stroke. It tends to run in families and is more common in men and in
Essential (primary) hypertension; African Americans
Migraine headaches are precipitated or aggravated by a broad range of factors including stress and ______ after stress, alcohol, and foods containing tyramine phenylethylamine
relaxation
While migraines involve _____ pain, usually on one side of the head, _____ headaches are characterized by non-throbbing pain on both sides of the head
throbbing; tension
PMS usually develops after _____ and lasts until just before or after menstruation begins
ovulation
Hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary results in ______
diabetes insipidus
Too much thyroxine produces _____, which is characterized by speeded-up metabolism, _______ body temperature, weight loss, agitation, and insomnia
hyperthyroidism; elevated
Too little thyroxine results in ______, which involves slowed metabolism, weight gain, lowered body temperature, depression, lethargy, and impaired _____
hypothyroidism; memory and concentration
The pancreas releases insulin, and too much of this hormone results in ______, which is characterized by hunger, dizziness, headaches, depression, and confusion.
hypoglycemia
Too little insulin can produce ______
diabetes mellitus
Behavioural genetic research focuses on identifying genes that impact _____ and ______
behavioural aspects; disorders
Research may either use a ______, which emphasizes the total effect of genetic and environmental variables on traits, or ____, which identifies specific genes responsible for influencing behavioural traits
quantitative genetic method; molecular genetic methods
A(n) ________ seizure affects movement and sensation on one side of the body without a loss of consciousness.
simple partial
As the result of a closed-head injury caused by a skateboard accident, a 19-year-old loses her ability to recall events that occurred during the two years prior to the injury. When her memories begin to return, she is most likely to recall which of the following first?
the trip she took with her family 18 months before the accident (the most remote memories are the first to return)
A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery and affecting the dominant (left) hemisphere is most likely to cause which of the following?
contralateral hemianesthesia and aphasia
A young woman says that she always feels cold, is frequently depressed and has trouble concentrating, is lethargic and has lost interest in sex, and has gained weight even though she doesn’t eat much. These symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following endocrine disorders?
hypothyroidism
For many patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first ________ following the injury.
3 months
Quantitative genetic methods are used to determine the ________ of genetic and environmental dynamics, while molecular genetic methods are used to classify ________ responsible for genetic influence.
net effect; certain genes
Research on symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease suggests that depression:
may be endogeneous to the disease rather than just a reaction to it.
