Fundamentals chapter 18

Question 1

What are the functions of bones for positioning and moving patients? (4)

Answer 1

#1 bones provide the scaffolding or framework to the body
#2 the skeleton gives the body shape and supports the internal organs
#3 The bones provide places for the ligaments and tendons to attach, thereby allowing movement
#4 The primary function of a joint is to provide movement and flexibility

Question 2

What changes in the system occur with aging? (5)

Answer 2

#1 bone strength and mass are lost because of mineral resorption. This may lead to osteoporosis, which is more common in women of Asian or Caucasian
#2 the loss of bone density predisposes the older adult to fractures. The fractures do not heal quickly because of the decreased mineral uptake.
#3 Muscle cells are lost (sarcopenia) and replaced by fat. This leads to a loss of muscle strength and endurance.
#4 Muscle fiber elasticity is decreased or lost, causing decreased flexibility
#5 Joint motion may decrease, limiting mobility, activity, and exercise

Question 3

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 3

Lost muscle replaced by fat

Question 4

Fat is also called what

Answer 4

atrophy (wasting away of muscle)

Question 5

How can you keep someone from developing contractures?

Answer 5

Range of motion (they do it themselves) or passive range of motion (you do it for them)

Question 6

Life span considerations for older adults

Answer 6

they have a greater risk for skin breakdown because they have decreased muscle mass, connective tissues, and elastin and collagen, as well as less moisture in their skin. This makes the skin more friable and prone to potential injuries such as shearing and pressure ulcers. Always handle older adults with care

Question 7

What are some examples of places you can get a pressure ucler

Answer 7

Your scapula, your shoulders, your tailbone, your hips, you ilium, your knees, heels, ankles, elbows, also your ear

Question 8

What is the difference between shearing and pressure?

Answer 8

Pressure injuries occur from pressure on the skin. Pressure on the skin can also cause necrosis. Shearing is an applied force that causes downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin.

Question 9

What is a Dowager

Answer 9

The hump at the bottom of the neck usually results from texting and bad posture

Question 10

BRP

Answer 10

bathroom privilege’s

Question 11

Types of assistance

Answer 11

walker, cane, wheelchair, something for stand by

Question 12

Nursing diagnoses commonly used for problems with body movement are : 4

Answer 12

#1 risk for injury
#2 impaired physical mobility
#3 risk for impaired skin integrity
#4 impaired walking

Question 13

Examples related to the nursing diagnoses : 4

Answer 13

#1 Patient will experience no musculoskeletal injury 
#2 Patient will return to former level of mobility within 6 months
#3 Skin integrity
#4 Patient will not experience an injury while ambulating

Question 14

Changing position accomplishes 4 things :

Answer 14

#1 it provides comfort
#2 it relieves pressure on bony prominences
#3 it helps prevent contractures, deformities, and respiratory problems
#4 It improves circulation

Question 15

When you raise your knees your blood goes to your ___ and your ___ lose circulation and they will get a bedsore there

Answer 15

goes to trunk, feet and toes loose circulation

Question 16

If you don’t have something holding patients feet up what will happen

Answer 16

they will get foot drop, and they wont go back

Question 17

Trochanter rolls

Answer 17

rolling up a blanket and putting it on either side of the hip to prevent the hip from spreading out and support the hip

Question 18

Dorsiflexion is what?

Answer 18

foot up

Question 19

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 19

a drop in blood pressure from getting up to a lying to sitting to standing or from sitting to standing

Question 20

What types of machines are considered lifts

Answer 20

mechanical lifts, lift or pull sheets, air assisted lateral transfer devices, slide boards, roller boards, and transfer (or gait) belts

Question 21

What is a slide board (also called a transfer board)

Answer 21

a long board, treated with an antistatic coating, to allow the patient to be transferred from bed to stretcher (or vise versa) smoothly and easily

Question 22

What is a roller board?

Answer 22

Works similarly to a slide board except that it contains several roller bars between fixed end bars and it rolls the patient in a “conveyor belt” sort of way

Question 23

Arrangement in a straight line; bringing a line into order

Answer 23

alignment

Question 24

Walk

Answer 24

ambulate

Question 25

internal diameter of a needle

Answer 25

bore

Question 26

Small fluid-filled sac that provides a cushion at friction points in freely movable joints

Answer 26

bursa

Question 27

Fibrous connective tissue that acts as a cushion

Answer 27

cartilage

Question 28

Adaptive shortening of skeletal muscle tissue rendering the muscle highly resistant to stretching; prevents normal joint movement

Answer 28

contracture

Question 29

The patient position of sitting on the side of the bed with the legs and feet hanging over the side

Answer 29

dangling

Question 30

Position arranged by elevating the head of the bed 60 to 90 degrees

Answer 30

Fowler position

Question 31

style of walking

Answer 31

gait

Question 32

Sturdy belt made of tightly webbed canvas material that is used to ambulate and/or transfer the weak or unsteady patient

Answer 32

gait belt

Question 33

The union of two or more bones in the body

Answer 33

joint

Question 34

The study of the movement of body parts, also known as body mechanics

Answer 34

kinesiology

Question 35

Positioned on the side

Answer 35

lateral position

Question 36

Strong, fibrous connective tissues that support and strengthen the bones of joints

Answer 36

ligaments

Question 37

Technique used to turn a patient in bed as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment at all times

Answer 37

logrolling

Question 38

Local death of tissue from disease or injury

Answer 38

necrosis

Question 39

Turn or change direction with your feet while remaining in a fixed place

Answer 39

pivot

Question 40

Localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device

Answer 40

pressure injury

Question 41

When the patient is lying face down

Answer 41

prone position

Question 42

Position arranged by elevating the head of the bed to 30 to 45 degrees and raising the knees up to 15 degrees

Answer 42

semi-Fowler position

Question 43

Applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin

Answer 43

shearing force

Question 44

When the patient is resting on his or her side

Answer 44

side-lying (lateral) position

Question 45

Side-lying position in which the weight is distributed over the anterior ilium, humerus, and clavicle

Answer 45

Sims position

Question 46

Striated muscles that are made of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath

Answer 46

skeletal muscles

Question 47

Equality in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane; a mirror image

Answer 47

symmetry

Question 48

Cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone to allow for joint movement

Answer 48

tendons

Question 49

Sturdy belt made of tightly webbed canvas material that is used to ambulate and/or transfer the weak or unsteady, patient

Answer 49

transfer belt

Question 50

How many times do you perform each exercise?

Answer 50

3 times

Question 51

What is the difference between range of motion and passive range of motion

Answer 51

Range of motion they do it themselves, passive range of motion you do it for them

Question 52

Principles of good body mechanics

Answer 52

``` #1 maintain correct anatomic position #2 change position frequently ```

Question 53

Incorrect alignment and positioning can cause what complications

Answer 53

``` #1 interference with circulation #2 muscle cramps #3 muscle atrophy #4 fluid collection in the lungs ```

Question 54

Two main factors in the development of pressure ulcers

Answer 54

pressure on the skin leading to necrosis and shearing force

Question 55

The ___ is appropriate for patients who are resting on their back. It is recommended after spinal surgery, cardiac catherization, and after the administration of some types of spinal anesthetics.

Answer 55

Supine position

Question 56

how to place someone in the Sims position

Answer 56

When positioning on the left side, place the patient's left arm behind her, and draw her right knee and thigh up above the left lower leg. Tilt the chest and abdomen forward so the patient is resting on them as well

Question 57

In this position it provides an alternative for patients on prolonged bed rest or who are immobilized. Spinal cord injured patients sometimes use this position.

Answer 57

Prone position

Question 58

Be able to tell how you are going to implement moving a patient up in the bed

Answer 58

``` #1 Perform hand hygiene #2 lock bed wheels and lower rail, if up, on the side closet to you #3 place the pillow upright against headboard ```

Question 59

primary function of joints

Answer 59

to provide movement and flexibility to the skeleton