Fundamentals chapter 18 Flashcards
What are the functions of bones for positioning and moving patients? (4)
#1 bones provide the scaffolding or framework to the body #2 the skeleton gives the body shape and supports the internal organs #3 The bones provide places for the ligaments and tendons to attach, thereby allowing movement #4 The primary function of a joint is to provide movement and flexibility
What changes in the system occur with aging? (5)
#1 bone strength and mass are lost because of mineral resorption. This may lead to osteoporosis, which is more common in women of Asian or Caucasian #2 the loss of bone density predisposes the older adult to fractures. The fractures do not heal quickly because of the decreased mineral uptake. #3 Muscle cells are lost (sarcopenia) and replaced by fat. This leads to a loss of muscle strength and endurance. #4 Muscle fiber elasticity is decreased or lost, causing decreased flexibility #5 Joint motion may decrease, limiting mobility, activity, and exercise
What is sarcopenia?
Lost muscle replaced by fat
Fat is also called what
atrophy (wasting away of muscle)
How can you keep someone from developing contractures?
Range of motion (they do it themselves) or passive range of motion (you do it for them)
Life span considerations for older adults
they have a greater risk for skin breakdown because they have decreased muscle mass, connective tissues, and elastin and collagen, as well as less moisture in their skin. This makes the skin more friable and prone to potential injuries such as shearing and pressure ulcers. Always handle older adults with care
What are some examples of places you can get a pressure ucler
Your scapula, your shoulders, your tailbone, your hips, you ilium, your knees, heels, ankles, elbows, also your ear
What is the difference between shearing and pressure?
Pressure injuries occur from pressure on the skin. Pressure on the skin can also cause necrosis. Shearing is an applied force that causes downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin.
What is a Dowager
The hump at the bottom of the neck usually results from texting and bad posture
BRP
bathroom privilege’s
Types of assistance
walker, cane, wheelchair, something for stand by
Nursing diagnoses commonly used for problems with body movement are : 4
#1 risk for injury #2 impaired physical mobility #3 risk for impaired skin integrity #4 impaired walking
Examples related to the nursing diagnoses : 4
#1 Patient will experience no musculoskeletal injury #2 Patient will return to former level of mobility within 6 months #3 Skin integrity #4 Patient will not experience an injury while ambulating
Changing position accomplishes 4 things :
#1 it provides comfort #2 it relieves pressure on bony prominences #3 it helps prevent contractures, deformities, and respiratory problems #4 It improves circulation
When you raise your knees your blood goes to your ___ and your ___ lose circulation and they will get a bedsore there
goes to trunk, feet and toes loose circulation
If you don’t have something holding patients feet up what will happen
they will get foot drop, and they wont go back
Trochanter rolls
rolling up a blanket and putting it on either side of the hip to prevent the hip from spreading out and support the hip
Dorsiflexion is what?
foot up
Orthostatic hypotension
a drop in blood pressure from getting up to a lying to sitting to standing or from sitting to standing
What types of machines are considered lifts
mechanical lifts, lift or pull sheets, air assisted lateral transfer devices, slide boards, roller boards, and transfer (or gait) belts
What is a slide board (also called a transfer board)
a long board, treated with an antistatic coating, to allow the patient to be transferred from bed to stretcher (or vise versa) smoothly and easily
What is a roller board?
Works similarly to a slide board except that it contains several roller bars between fixed end bars and it rolls the patient in a “conveyor belt” sort of way
Arrangement in a straight line; bringing a line into order
alignment
Walk
ambulate
internal diameter of a needle
bore
Small fluid-filled sac that provides a cushion at friction points in freely movable joints
bursa
Fibrous connective tissue that acts as a cushion
cartilage
Adaptive shortening of skeletal muscle tissue rendering the muscle highly resistant to stretching; prevents normal joint movement
contracture
The patient position of sitting on the side of the bed with the legs and feet hanging over the side
dangling
Position arranged by elevating the head of the bed 60 to 90 degrees
Fowler position
style of walking
gait
Sturdy belt made of tightly webbed canvas material that is used to ambulate and/or transfer the weak or unsteady patient
gait belt
The union of two or more bones in the body
joint
The study of the movement of body parts, also known as body mechanics
kinesiology
Positioned on the side
lateral position
Strong, fibrous connective tissues that support and strengthen the bones of joints
ligaments
Technique used to turn a patient in bed as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment at all times
logrolling
Local death of tissue from disease or injury
necrosis
Turn or change direction with your feet while remaining in a fixed place
pivot
Localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device
pressure injury
When the patient is lying face down
prone position
Position arranged by elevating the head of the bed to 30 to 45 degrees and raising the knees up to 15 degrees
semi-Fowler position
Applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin
shearing force
When the patient is resting on his or her side
side-lying (lateral) position
Side-lying position in which the weight is distributed over the anterior ilium, humerus, and clavicle
Sims position
Striated muscles that are made of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
skeletal muscles
Equality in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane; a mirror image
symmetry
Cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone to allow for joint movement
tendons
Sturdy belt made of tightly webbed canvas material that is used to ambulate and/or transfer the weak or unsteady, patient
transfer belt
How many times do you perform each exercise?
3 times
What is the difference between range of motion and passive range of motion
Range of motion they do it themselves, passive range of motion you do it for them
Principles of good body mechanics
#1 maintain correct anatomic position #2 change position frequently
Incorrect alignment and positioning can cause what complications
#1 interference with circulation #2 muscle cramps #3 muscle atrophy #4 fluid collection in the lungs
Two main factors in the development of pressure ulcers
pressure on the skin leading to necrosis and shearing force
The ___ is appropriate for patients who are resting on their back. It is recommended after spinal surgery, cardiac catherization, and after the administration of some types of spinal anesthetics.
Supine position
how to place someone in the Sims position
When positioning on the left side, place the patient’s left arm behind her, and draw her right knee and thigh up above the left lower leg. Tilt the chest and abdomen forward so the patient is resting on them as well
In this position it provides an alternative for patients on prolonged bed rest or who are immobilized. Spinal cord injured patients sometimes use this position.
Prone position
Be able to tell how you are going to implement moving a patient up in the bed
#1 Perform hand hygiene #2 lock bed wheels and lower rail, if up, on the side closet to you #3 place the pillow upright against headboard
primary function of joints
to provide movement and flexibility to the skeleton
