AP ch 8 Flashcards
small, cushion-like sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones
bursa
the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path
circumduction
type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscles length decreases
concentric contraction
when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles shrinking in size
disuse atrophy
angular movement when the top of the foot is elevated with the toes pointing upward
dorsiflexion
type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscle’s length increases under a load
eccentric contraction
continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and developing the muscle’s ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period
endurance training
applied study of workers and their work environment
ergonomics
foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces out to the side
eversion
increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
extension
the outermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall
external oblique
loss of muscle power; weakness
fatigue
leg muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot; formerly called peroneous group
fibularis group
act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint
flexion
one of the muscles of facial expression; it moves the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead
frontal muscle
superficial muscle of the calf of the leg, connected to the calcaneus bone of the foot by way of the Achilles tendon; its action is to dorsiflex the foot, bending the toes upward
gastrocnemius
major extensor of the thigh and also supports the torso in an erect position
gluteus maximus
increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells
hypertrophy
subnormal core body temperature below 37 C (98.6 F)
hypothermia
a flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture
iliopsoas
a muscle’s attachment to a bone that moves when it contracts
insertion
any of the disk-like cell connections that exist between cardiac muscle fibers
intercalated disk
the respiratory muscles located between the ribs
intercostal muscles
foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces inward, toward the midline of the body
inversion
type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten
isometric contraction
contraction in which the length changes but the tension seems to be about the same; a mobilizing kind of contraction
isotonic contraction
an extensor of the arm
latissimus dorsi
large muscle of the cheek, used to lift the lower jaw (mandible) and thus provide chewing movement
masseter
chewing
mastication
transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues
motor neuron
a single motor neuron with the muscle cells it innervates
motor unit
any of the specialized contractile cells of a muscle tissue
muscle fiber
any of the ultramicroscopic threadlike protein structures found in cylindrical groupings within each muscle fiber and involved in muscle contraction
myofilament
large protein molecule in the cytoplasm of muscle cells that attracts oxygen and holds it temporarily
myoglobin
contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle
myosin
facial muscle that causes a squint
orbicularis oculi
continued increased oxygen consumption that occurs after exercise
oxygen debt
action of the bottom of the foot being directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on his or her tiptoes
plantar flexion
the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement
prime mover
to turn the palm downward
pronation
muscle that runs down the middle of the abdomen; protects the abdominal viscera and flexes the spinal column
rectus abdominis
movement around a longitudinal axis; for example, shaking your head no
rotation
contractile unit of muscle; length of a cylindrical grouping of myofilaments between two Z bands
sarcomere
to turn the palm of the hand upward
supination
muscle that assists a prime mover
synergist
tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons
tendon sheath
(know) tendons attach muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone
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sustained contraction
tetanic contraction
sustained muscular contraction
tetanus
minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract
threshold stimulus
dorsiflexor of the foot
tibialis anterior
special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture
tonic contraction
the innermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall
transversus abdominis
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