AP ch 8

Question 1

small, cushion-like sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones

Answer 1

bursa

Question 2

the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path

Answer 2

circumduction

Question 3

type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscles length decreases

Answer 3

concentric contraction

Question 4

when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles shrinking in size

Answer 4

disuse atrophy

Question 5

angular movement when the top of the foot is elevated with the toes pointing upward

Answer 5

dorsiflexion

Question 6

type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscle’s length increases under a load

Answer 6

eccentric contraction

Question 7

continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and developing the muscle’s ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period

Answer 7

endurance training

Question 8

applied study of workers and their work environment

Answer 8

ergonomics

Question 9

foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces out to the side

Answer 9

eversion

Question 10

increasing the angle between two bones at a joint

Answer 10

extension

Question 11

the outermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 11

external oblique

Question 12

loss of muscle power; weakness

Answer 12

fatigue

Question 13

leg muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot; formerly called peroneous group

Answer 13

fibularis group

Question 14

act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint

Answer 14

flexion

Question 15

one of the muscles of facial expression; it moves the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead

Answer 15

frontal muscle

Question 16

superficial muscle of the calf of the leg, connected to the calcaneus bone of the foot by way of the Achilles tendon; its action is to dorsiflex the foot, bending the toes upward

Answer 16

gastrocnemius

Question 17

major extensor of the thigh and also supports the torso in an erect position

Answer 17

gluteus maximus

Question 18

increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells

Answer 18

hypertrophy

Question 19

subnormal core body temperature below 37 C (98.6 F)

Answer 19

hypothermia

Question 20

a flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture

Answer 20

iliopsoas

Question 21

a muscle’s attachment to a bone that moves when it contracts

Answer 21

insertion

Question 22

any of the disk-like cell connections that exist between cardiac muscle fibers

Answer 22

intercalated disk

Question 23

the respiratory muscles located between the ribs

Answer 23

intercostal muscles

Question 24

foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces inward, toward the midline of the body

Answer 24

inversion

Question 25

type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten

Answer 25

isometric contraction

Question 26

contraction in which the length changes but the tension seems to be about the same; a mobilizing kind of contraction

Answer 26

isotonic contraction

Question 27

an extensor of the arm

Answer 27

latissimus dorsi

Question 28

large muscle of the cheek, used to lift the lower jaw (mandible) and thus provide chewing movement

Answer 28

masseter

Question 29

chewing

Answer 29

mastication

Question 30

transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues

Answer 30

motor neuron

Question 31

a single motor neuron with the muscle cells it innervates

Answer 31

motor unit

Question 32

any of the specialized contractile cells of a muscle tissue

Answer 32

muscle fiber

Question 33

any of the ultramicroscopic threadlike protein structures found in cylindrical groupings within each muscle fiber and involved in muscle contraction

Answer 33

myofilament

Question 34

large protein molecule in the cytoplasm of muscle cells that attracts oxygen and holds it temporarily

Answer 34

myoglobin

Question 35

contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle

Answer 35

myosin

Question 36

facial muscle that causes a squint

Answer 36

orbicularis oculi

Question 37

continued increased oxygen consumption that occurs after exercise

Answer 37

oxygen debt

Question 38

action of the bottom of the foot being directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on his or her tiptoes

Answer 38

plantar flexion

Question 39

the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement

Answer 39

prime mover

Question 40

to turn the palm downward

Answer 40

pronation

Question 41

muscle that runs down the middle of the abdomen; protects the abdominal viscera and flexes the spinal column

Answer 41

rectus abdominis

Question 42

movement around a longitudinal axis; for example, shaking your head no

Answer 42

rotation

Question 43

contractile unit of muscle; length of a cylindrical grouping of myofilaments between two Z bands

Answer 43

sarcomere

Question 44

to turn the palm of the hand upward

Answer 44

supination

Question 45

muscle that assists a prime mover

Answer 45

synergist

Question 46

tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons

Answer 46

tendon sheath

Question 47

(know) tendons attach muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone

Answer 47

…

Question 48

sustained contraction

Answer 48

tetanic contraction

Question 49

sustained muscular contraction

Answer 49

tetanus

Question 50

minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract

Answer 50

threshold stimulus

Question 51

dorsiflexor of the foot

Answer 51

tibialis anterior

Question 52

special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture

Answer 52

tonic contraction

Question 53

the innermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 53

transversus abdominis

Question 54

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Answer 54

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