AP chapter 6 Flashcards
What are appendages?
the hair, and skin glands
What is another name for the skin and the connective tissues just beneath it?
integument
What term refers to a thin, sheet like structure that may have many important functions in the body. It covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, and covers the inner surfaces of the hollow organs such as the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory passageways.
Membrane
What are the two major categories or types of body membranes?
Epithelial membrane and Connective tissue membranes
___ are composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying lay of fibrous connective tissue
Epithelial membranes
___ are composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue. No epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane
connective tissue membranes
Epithelial membranes are ___
auascular
Connective tissue membranes are ___
vascular
What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue membranes in the body?
1 cutaneous membrane #2 serous membranes #3 mucous membranes
The ___ is the primary organ of the integumentary system
the cutaneous membrane (the skin)
As with epithelial membranes, a ___ is composed of two distinct layers of tissue
serous membrane
___ holds and supports the epithelial cells
basement membrane
The ___ layer is the serous membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity (similar to wallpaper in a room)
Parietal layer
The ___ layer is the portion of the membrane that folds inward to cover the surface of organs within a body cavity
The visceral layer
In the thoracic cavity the serous membrane around each lung is called the ___
pleura
The ___ layer forms the lining of the body cavity, and the ___ layer covers the organs found in that cavity
Parietal layer and Visceral layer
___ is a very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes (pleura) that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs
Pleurisy
___ are epithelial membranes that contain both an epithelial layer and a fibrous connective tissue layer. These membranes line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior of the body
Mucous membranes
The ___ cells of most mucous membranes secrete a thick, slimy material called mucus that keeps the membranes moist and soft
epithelial
The fibrous connective tissue underlying the epithelium in mucous membranes is called the ___
lamina propria
The term ___ is used to describe the transitional area that serves as a point of “fusion” where skin and mucous membranes meet
mucocutaneous junction
The ___ lining the joint capsules that surround and attach the ends of articulating bones in movable joints are classified as connective tissue membranes
synovial membranes
Synovial membranes are smooth and slick and secrete a thick, colorless lubricating fluid called ___
synovial fluid
Where are bursae found?
between moving body parts and they are small, cushionlike sacs
What is the largest and one of the most important organs of the body
the skin
The ___ is the outermost layer of the skin. It is a relatively thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis
The ___ is the deeper of the two layers. It is thicker than the epidermis and is made up largely of connective tissue
dermis
The layers of the skin are supported by a thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat called ___
subcutaneous tissue, or the hypodermis
The ___ acts as a shock-absorbing pad and helps protect underlying tissues from injury caused by bumps and blows to the body surface
subcutaneous tissue
The basal cells of the innermost layer are called ___
stratum germinativum
___ is a tough, water proof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with a horny, abrasion-resistant, and protective quality.
Keratin
The tough outermost layer of the epidermis is called the ___
stratum corneum
The deepest cell layer of the stratum germinativum is responsible for the production of a ___ that gives color to the skin
pigment
Melanin is what?
brown pigment
___ is produced by cells called melanocytes that are found in this basal layer. It is produced and packaged in melanocytes and then distributed to the surrounding epithelial cells, giving them a darker color
Melanin
What is the primary function of Melanin?
to absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation from sunlight before it reaches tissues below the outer layers of the epidermis
If blood oxygen levels decrease or if actual blood flow is reduced dramatically the skin turns a blue gray color. This condition is called ___
cyanosis
The junction that exists between the thin superficial epidermal layer of skin and the deeper the dermal layer forms a type of basement membrane called the ___
dermal-epidermal junction
___ project upward from the dermis into the epidermis and also stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction
dermal papillae
Blisters are what stage?
stage 2
tough and strong fibers are called ___
collagen or white fibers
Stretchable and elastic fibers are called ___
elastic or yellow fibers
The ___ increase the surface area of the gluelike dermal-epidermal junction that helps to bind the skin layers to each other
dermal papillae
Reticular layer makes up what percentage of the body?
80%
The subcutaneous tissue is often called the ___
superficial fascia or hypodermis
The hair of a newborn infant is extremely fine and soft, it is called ___
lanugo
Cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis to form a small tube called the ___
hair follicle
hair growth begins from a small bump called the ___, which is located at the base of the follicle
hair papilla
The nail body nearest the root has a crescent-shaped white area known as the ___
lunula
What are the two skin recepters?
lamellar corpuscle (pacini corpuscle) which is deeper like the dermis and detects pressure.. and the tactile corpuscle (meissner corpuscle) which detects light touch
The skin glands include what two varities?
sweat glands and sebaceous glands
___ are by far the more numerous, important, and widespread sweat glands in the body
eccrine sweat glands
Sweat assists in the elimination of ___
waste products such as ammonia and uric acid
___ are found primarily in the skin in the armpit and in the pigmented skin areas around the genitals, they are also responsible for body odor
Apocrine sweat glands
___ secret oil for the hair and skin
sebaceous glands
___ lubricates the hair and skin
sebum
What are the 5 most important functions of the skin?
1 protection #2 temperature regulation #3 sense organ activity #4 excretion #5 synthesis of vitamin D
What are the 3 most common types of cancer?
skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma (the most dangerous)
Warning signs of melanoma ABCDE
Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
Rule of asymmetry
Benign moles are usually symmetrical. Their halves are mirror images of each other. Melanoma lesions are asymmetrical or lopsided
rule of border
Benign moles are outlined by a distinct border, but melanoma lesions are often irregular or indistinct in shape
rule of color
Benign moles may be any shade of brown but are relatively evenly colored. Melanoma lesions tend to be unevenly colored, exhibiting a mixture of shades or colors
rule of diameter
By the time melanoma lesion exhibits characteristics A, B, and C it is also probably larger than 6mm (1/4 inch)
rule of evolving
moles that continue to evolve, or change over time, may be cancerous. Besides the changes noted above, melanoma lesions may begin to itch, form an ulcer, or bleed
What is capulary firmability
fluid shifts
HH8V causes
kaposi’s sarcoma
The most serious form of skin cancer is
melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is
slowly growing carcinoma of the epidermis
Basal cell carcinoma :
is a common type of skin cancer
The most important factor in causing common skin cancer is :
exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation
The body is divided into 11 areas of what percentage
9%
Destruction of a subcutaneous layer occurs in a __ degree burn
third
The type of membrane that lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior is known as :
mucous
