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Nursing > AP chapter 6 > Flashcards

AP chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are appendages?

A

the hair, and skin glands

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2
Q

What is another name for the skin and the connective tissues just beneath it?

A

integument

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3
Q

What term refers to a thin, sheet like structure that may have many important functions in the body. It covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, and covers the inner surfaces of the hollow organs such as the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory passageways.

A

Membrane

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4
Q

What are the two major categories or types of body membranes?

A

Epithelial membrane and Connective tissue membranes

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5
Q

___ are composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying lay of fibrous connective tissue

A

Epithelial membranes

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6
Q

___ are composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue. No epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane

A

connective tissue membranes

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7
Q

Epithelial membranes are ___

A

auascular

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8
Q

Connective tissue membranes are ___

A

vascular

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue membranes in the body?

A

1 cutaneous membrane #2 serous membranes #3 mucous membranes

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10
Q

The ___ is the primary organ of the integumentary system

A

the cutaneous membrane (the skin)

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11
Q

As with epithelial membranes, a ___ is composed of two distinct layers of tissue

A

serous membrane

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12
Q

___ holds and supports the epithelial cells

A

basement membrane

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13
Q

The ___ layer is the serous membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity (similar to wallpaper in a room)

A

Parietal layer

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14
Q

The ___ layer is the portion of the membrane that folds inward to cover the surface of organs within a body cavity

A

The visceral layer

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15
Q

In the thoracic cavity the serous membrane around each lung is called the ___

A

pleura

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16
Q

The ___ layer forms the lining of the body cavity, and the ___ layer covers the organs found in that cavity

A

Parietal layer and Visceral layer

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17
Q

___ is a very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes (pleura) that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs

A

Pleurisy

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18
Q

___ are epithelial membranes that contain both an epithelial layer and a fibrous connective tissue layer. These membranes line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior of the body

A

Mucous membranes

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19
Q

The ___ cells of most mucous membranes secrete a thick, slimy material called mucus that keeps the membranes moist and soft

A

epithelial

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20
Q

The fibrous connective tissue underlying the epithelium in mucous membranes is called the ___

A

lamina propria

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21
Q

The term ___ is used to describe the transitional area that serves as a point of “fusion” where skin and mucous membranes meet

A

mucocutaneous junction

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22
Q

The ___ lining the joint capsules that surround and attach the ends of articulating bones in movable joints are classified as connective tissue membranes

A

synovial membranes

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23
Q

Synovial membranes are smooth and slick and secrete a thick, colorless lubricating fluid called ___

A

synovial fluid

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24
Q

Where are bursae found?

A

between moving body parts and they are small, cushionlike sacs

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25
Q

What is the largest and one of the most important organs of the body

A

the skin

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26
Q

The ___ is the outermost layer of the skin. It is a relatively thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis

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27
Q

The ___ is the deeper of the two layers. It is thicker than the epidermis and is made up largely of connective tissue

A

dermis

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28
Q

The layers of the skin are supported by a thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat called ___

A

subcutaneous tissue, or the hypodermis

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29
Q

The ___ acts as a shock-absorbing pad and helps protect underlying tissues from injury caused by bumps and blows to the body surface

A

subcutaneous tissue

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30
Q

The basal cells of the innermost layer are called ___

A

stratum germinativum

31
Q

___ is a tough, water proof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with a horny, abrasion-resistant, and protective quality.

A

Keratin

32
Q

The tough outermost layer of the epidermis is called the ___

A

stratum corneum

33
Q

The deepest cell layer of the stratum germinativum is responsible for the production of a ___ that gives color to the skin

A

pigment

34
Q

Melanin is what?

A

brown pigment

35
Q

___ is produced by cells called melanocytes that are found in this basal layer. It is produced and packaged in melanocytes and then distributed to the surrounding epithelial cells, giving them a darker color

A

Melanin

36
Q

What is the primary function of Melanin?

A

to absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation from sunlight before it reaches tissues below the outer layers of the epidermis

37
Q

If blood oxygen levels decrease or if actual blood flow is reduced dramatically the skin turns a blue gray color. This condition is called ___

A

cyanosis

38
Q

The junction that exists between the thin superficial epidermal layer of skin and the deeper the dermal layer forms a type of basement membrane called the ___

A

dermal-epidermal junction

39
Q

___ project upward from the dermis into the epidermis and also stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction

A

dermal papillae

40
Q

Blisters are what stage?

A

stage 2

41
Q

tough and strong fibers are called ___

A

collagen or white fibers

42
Q

Stretchable and elastic fibers are called ___

A

elastic or yellow fibers

43
Q

The ___ increase the surface area of the gluelike dermal-epidermal junction that helps to bind the skin layers to each other

A

dermal papillae

44
Q

Reticular layer makes up what percentage of the body?

A

80%

45
Q

The subcutaneous tissue is often called the ___

A

superficial fascia or hypodermis

46
Q

The hair of a newborn infant is extremely fine and soft, it is called ___

A

lanugo

47
Q

Cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis to form a small tube called the ___

A

hair follicle

48
Q

hair growth begins from a small bump called the ___, which is located at the base of the follicle

A

hair papilla

49
Q

The nail body nearest the root has a crescent-shaped white area known as the ___

A

lunula

50
Q

What are the two skin recepters?

A

lamellar corpuscle (pacini corpuscle) which is deeper like the dermis and detects pressure.. and the tactile corpuscle (meissner corpuscle) which detects light touch

51
Q

The skin glands include what two varities?

A

sweat glands and sebaceous glands

52
Q

___ are by far the more numerous, important, and widespread sweat glands in the body

A

eccrine sweat glands

53
Q

Sweat assists in the elimination of ___

A

waste products such as ammonia and uric acid

54
Q

___ are found primarily in the skin in the armpit and in the pigmented skin areas around the genitals, they are also responsible for body odor

A

Apocrine sweat glands

55
Q

___ secret oil for the hair and skin

A

sebaceous glands

56
Q

___ lubricates the hair and skin

A

sebum

57
Q

What are the 5 most important functions of the skin?

A

1 protection #2 temperature regulation #3 sense organ activity #4 excretion #5 synthesis of vitamin D

58
Q

What are the 3 most common types of cancer?

A

skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma (the most dangerous)

59
Q

Warning signs of melanoma ABCDE

A

Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

60
Q

Rule of asymmetry

A

Benign moles are usually symmetrical. Their halves are mirror images of each other. Melanoma lesions are asymmetrical or lopsided

61
Q

rule of border

A

Benign moles are outlined by a distinct border, but melanoma lesions are often irregular or indistinct in shape

62
Q

rule of color

A

Benign moles may be any shade of brown but are relatively evenly colored. Melanoma lesions tend to be unevenly colored, exhibiting a mixture of shades or colors

63
Q

rule of diameter

A

By the time melanoma lesion exhibits characteristics A, B, and C it is also probably larger than 6mm (1/4 inch)

64
Q

rule of evolving

A

moles that continue to evolve, or change over time, may be cancerous. Besides the changes noted above, melanoma lesions may begin to itch, form an ulcer, or bleed

65
Q

What is capulary firmability

A

fluid shifts

66
Q

HH8V causes

A

kaposi’s sarcoma

67
Q

The most serious form of skin cancer is

A

melanoma

68
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is

A

slowly growing carcinoma of the epidermis

69
Q

Basal cell carcinoma :

A

is a common type of skin cancer

70
Q

The most important factor in causing common skin cancer is :

A

exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation

71
Q

The body is divided into 11 areas of what percentage

A

9%

72
Q

Destruction of a subcutaneous layer occurs in a __ degree burn

A

third

73
Q

The type of membrane that lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior is known as :

A

mucous

Nursing (80 decks)

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