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Nursing > AP chapter 9 > Flashcards

AP chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

The system as a whole consists of two principal divisions called the ___ and the ___

A

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

The brain and spinal cord together are called the ___

A

central nervous (CNA)

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3
Q

The usual designation for the nerves of the body is the ___

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

A subdivision of the PNS, called the ___, consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic or involuntary functions

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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5
Q

Two major type of cells that are found in the nervous tissue are ___ and ___

A

neurons (nerve cells) and glia

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6
Q

Each neuron consists of 3 parts :

A 
#1 A main part called the neuron cell body
#2 one or more branching projections called dendrites
#3 one elongated projection known as an axon
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7
Q

___ are the process or projections that carry impulses to the neuron cell bodies

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

___ are the process that carry impulses away from the neuron cell bodies

A

axons

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9
Q

___ carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body

A

Sensory neurons

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10
Q

Sensory neurons are also called ___

A

afferent neurons

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11
Q

___ carry impulses in the opposite direction - away from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Motor neurons

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12
Q

Motor neurons do not conduct impulses to all parts of the body - only two kinds of tissue :

A

muscle and glandular epithelial tissue

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13
Q

Motor neurons are also called ___

A

efferent neurons

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14
Q

___ conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. They also often connect with each other to form complex, central networks of nerve fibers.

A

Interneurons

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15
Q

Interneurons are sometimes called ___

A

central or connecting neurons

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16
Q

Glia - or ___ - do not specialize in transmitting impulses. Instead, they are special types of supporting cells

A

neuroglia

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17
Q

What are 2 important functions of Glia?

A 
#1 hold the functioning neurons together and protect them
#2 bring the various functions of nervous tissue together into a coordinated whole ; regulates the neuron function
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18
Q

What is the most common type of brain tumor and what does it develop from?

A

glioma, develops from glia

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19
Q

Some glia’s are relatively large cells that look somewhat like stars because of the threadlike extensions that jut out from their surfaces, they are called ___

A

astrocytes

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20
Q

___ attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding these structures close to each other

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

Astrocyte branches form a two-layer structure called the ___

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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22
Q

The ___ separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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23
Q

___ remain stationary, but in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about. They surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. They also help to clean up cell damage resulting from injury or disease.

A

Microglia

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24
Q

The ___ help to hold nerve fibers together. They also produce the fatty myelin sheath that envelops nerve fibers located in the brain and spinal cord

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

The ___ affects nerve conduction speed

A

myelin sheath

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26
Q

___ are glial cells that also form myelin sheaths but do so only in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

Neurons with myelin-wrapped axons are called ___

A

myelinated fibers

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28
Q

___ are gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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29
Q

The outer wrapped layer of a Schwann cell is called the ___

A

neurilemma

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30
Q

A ___ is a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable

A

nerve

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31
Q

Each axon in a nerve is surrounded by a thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue called the ___

A

endoneurium

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32
Q

Groups of these wrapped axons are called ___

A

fascicles

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33
Q

Each fascicle is surrounded by a thin, fibrous ___

A

perineurium

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34
Q

A tough, fibrous sheath called the ___ covers the whole nerve

A

epineurium

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35
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS are called ___

A

tracts

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36
Q

Brain and spinal cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites is called ___

A

gray matter

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37
Q

Nerve impulses are also called

A

action potentials

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38
Q

A basic type of neuron pathway is called a ___

A

reflex arc

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39
Q

A two-neuron arc consist of only two types of neurons :

A 
#1 sensory neurons
#2 motor neurons
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40
Q

Three-neuron arcs are consist of all three kinds of neurons :

A 
#1 sensory neurons
#2 interneurons
#3 motor neurons
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41
Q

Impulse conduction normally starts in ___, they are the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons

A

Receptors

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42
Q

A ___ is a group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS

A

ganglion

43
Q

A microscopic space separates the axon ending of one neuron from the dendrites of another neuron. This gap serves as a junction between nerve cells called a ___

A

synapse

44
Q

A three-neuron arc reaction is called the ___

A

withdrawal reflex

45
Q

___ are chemicals by which neurons communicate

A

neurotransmitters

46
Q

___ is released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular (nerve-muscle) junctions

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

47
Q

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin belong to a group of compounds called ___, which may play a role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition

A

amines

48
Q

Two morphinelike neurotransmitters are called :

A 
#1 endorphins
#2 enkephalins
49
Q

___ diffuses directly across the plasma membrane of neurons rather than being released from vesicles

A

nitric oxide (NO)

50
Q

What is the function of ACh

A

Excitatory or inhibitory; regulates parasympathetic effectors; involved in memory

51
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Excitatory or inhibitory; regulates sympathetic effectors; involved in emotional responses

52
Q

What is the function of Dopamine

A

Mostly inhibitory; involved in emotions and moods

53
Q

What is the function of Serotonin

A

Mostly inhibitory; involved in sleep, emotions, and moods

54
Q

What is the functions of endorphins and enkephalins

A

mostly inhibitory; involved in blocking pain

55
Q

What is the function of Nitric Oxide (NO)

A

Signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

56
Q

The brain and spinal cord are also protected by three membranes called ___

A

meninges

57
Q

The brain consists of 4 major divisions, named in ascending order, beginning with most inferior part :

A 
#1 Brainstem
a. medulla oblongata
b. Pons
c. Midbrain
#2 Cerebellum
#3 Diencephalon
a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. pineal gland
#4 Cerebrum
58
Q

The lower part of the brainstem is the ___

A

medulla oblongata

59
Q

The medulla, pons, and the midbrain form the ___

A

brainstem

60
Q

The large hole in the occipital bone is called the ___

A

foramen magnum

61
Q

The ___ bulges out a bit more than the medulla, forming a bridge to the narrower midbrain

A

pon

62
Q

___ conduct impulses up from the spinal cord to other parts of the brain, and ___ conduct impulses down from the brain to the spinal cord

A

sensory fibers ; motor fibers

63
Q

In the brainstem, small bits of gray matter mix closely and intricately with white matter to form the ___

A

reticular formation

64
Q

The ___ is the second largest part of the human brain

A

cerebellum

65
Q

What are some functions of the cerebellum? (3)

A 
#1 produce smooth coordinated movements
#2 maintain equilibrium
#3 sustain normal postures
66
Q

The diencephalon consists of 3 major structures :

A 
#1 hypothalamus
#2 thalamus
#3 pineal gland
67
Q

What is the function of Medulla oblongata

A

2-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers; cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center

68
Q

What is the function of Pons

A

2-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other regions of the body; influences respiration

69
Q

What is the function of Midbrain

A

2-way conduction pathway; relay for visual and auditory impulses

70
Q

What is the function of Hypothalamus

A

regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal

71
Q

What is the function of Thalamus

A

Sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex; emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms

72
Q

What is the function of Pineal gland

A

Adjusts output of melatonin in response to changes in external light, to keep the body’s internal clock on time

73
Q

What is the function of Cerebrum

A

sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, and memory

74
Q

The ___ is the largest and uppermost part of the brain

A

cerebrum

75
Q

Inferior central band called the ___, which is made up of white matter tracts

A

corpus callosum

76
Q

A thin layer of gray matter called ___

A

cerebral cortex

77
Q

Within white matter are a few islands of gray matter known as ___, whose functioning is essential for producing automatic movements and postures

A

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

78
Q

Reflexes that result from conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord are called ___

A

spinal cord reflexes

79
Q

A loss of sensation is called

A

anesthesia

80
Q

A loss of the ability to make voluntary movements is called

A

paralysis

81
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges

A 
#1 dura mater, which is the tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal
#2 pia matter, which is the innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself
#3 Arachnoid mater, which is the membrane between the dura and the pia mater
82
Q

Fluid fills the subarachnoid spaces between the pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called ____. It also fills spaces in the brain call cerebral ventricles

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

83
Q

CSF forms continually from fluid filtering out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as ___ and into the ventricles

A

choroid plexus

84
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of certain motor neurons that conduct impulses from the spinal cord or brainstem to the following kinds of tissue (3)

A 
#1 cardiac muscle tissue
#2 smooth muscle tissue
#3 glandular epithelial tissue
85
Q

ANS controls the involuntary functions.. motor nerves that control the voluntary actions of skeletal muscles are sometimes called the ___

A

somatic nervous system

86
Q

The ANS consists of two divisions called the :

A 
#1 sympathetic division
#2 parasympathetic division
87
Q

___ are the motor neurons that make up the ANS

A

autonomic neurons

88
Q

Autonomic neurons are called ___ because they conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion

A

preganglionic neurons

89
Q

___ conduct impulses from a ganglion to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular epithelial tissue

A

postganglionic neurons

90
Q

Autonomic or ___ are the tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses

A

visceral effectors

91
Q

___ have dendrites and cell bodies in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord

A

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

92
Q

Sympathetic systems are also referred to as the ___

A

thoracolumbar systems

93
Q

What is the function of the Olfactory

A

sense of smell

94
Q

What is the function of the Optic

A

vision

95
Q

What is the function of the Oculomotor

A

eye movements

96
Q

What is the function of the Trochlear

A

eye movements

97
Q

What is the function of the Trigeminal

A

sensations of face, scalp, and teeth; chewing movements

98
Q

What is the function of the Abducens

A

eye movements

99
Q

What is the function of the Facial

A

sense of taste; contraction of muscles of facial expression

100
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing; sense of balance

101
Q

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal

A

Sensations of throat, taste, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva

102
Q

What is the function of the Vagus

A

sensations of throat and larynx and of thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis (gut movements)

103
Q

What is the function of the Accessory

A

Shoulder movements; turning movements head

104
Q

What is the function of the Hypoglossal

A

tongue movements

Nursing (80 decks)

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