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AP FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of how the body functions?

A

physiology

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2
Q

Know the correct sequence of the level of organization

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ

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3
Q

Know reference positions for all body directional terms.. for example, relationship between the knee and the ankle

A

anatomical position

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4
Q

runs along a lengthwise plane running from front to back. It divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

A

Sagittal

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5
Q

equal right and left sides

A

Midsagittal

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6
Q

divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

A

frontal

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7
Q

divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions

A

transverse

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8
Q

Know the body cavities, Know what is located in them for example, the mediastinum, what cavity is it in?

A

Dorsal contains cranial and spinal.. Ventral contains thoracic, pleural, mediastinum, diaphragm, abdominal cavity

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9
Q

What are the two major cavities of the body?

A

Dorsal and ventral

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10
Q

The diaphragm divides which cavities?

A

Thoracic from the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

using the maintaining of a constant temperature in a building as an example of a feedback loop,the thermometer would be an example of a?

A

sensor

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12
Q

You are given some pH readings, be able to state whether it is acidic, base, or alkaline

A

An acid has a pH less than 7.. A base has a pH greater than 7 and has more OH- ions than H+ ions in solution

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13
Q

If we have a buildup of CO2, CO2 is a base, when we breathe it out what happens? Buildup , of CO2 is acidosis.. so..

A

it causes it pH to rise

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14
Q

(know) example of monosaccharide (glucose),disaccharide (sucrose), polysaccharide (starch, glycogen)

A

…

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15
Q

The control center of the cell is the?

A

nucleus

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16
Q

Know what cilia is

A

Small, hairlike structures on the exposed side of some cells

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17
Q

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is a process called

A

osmosis

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18
Q

makes a cell swell

A

hypotonic

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19
Q

draws fluid out of the cell and shrivels it up

A

hypertonic

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20
Q

Know the main difference between active and passive transport

A

active requires energy, ATP, and passive does not require energy

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21
Q

What is another term for tissue fluid?

A

interstitial fluid

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22
Q

Know about cell division

A

Interphase, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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23
Q

DNA replication occurs during which phase of mitosis?

A

interphase

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24
Q

Fluid within the cell membrane, what is it called?

A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

Fluid outside the cell membrane is called?

A

interstitial fluid

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26
Q

Stratified squamous tissue is what

A

epithelial tissue

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27
Q

Smooth striated and cardiac are examples of what kind of tissue?

A

Muscle tissue

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28
Q

Adipose is what kind of tissue?

A

connective tissue

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29
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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30
Q

Hematopoietic tissue is made of what kind of tissue?

A

connective tissue

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31
Q

Pseudostratified tissue is made up of what kind of tissue?

A

epithelial

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32
Q

Which tissues have the ability to shorten and stretch?

A

muscle

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33
Q

Fibers found in the matrix give the tissues the ability to stretch and rebound easily

A

Elastin

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34
Q

How do you best define a system

A

group of organs working together to perform a function

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35
Q

What’s the primary function of the integumentary system

A

protection of underlying structures

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36
Q

Know accessory structures of the skin

A

hair, nails, sweat glands

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37
Q

How many bones do you have

A

206

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38
Q

What are the functions of your muscular system?

A

Movement, posture, heat production, fatigue

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39
Q

Primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation of materials

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40
Q

(know) Anytime you are asked about the lining of the interior of an organ or cavity, it is going to refer to the word parietal layer. If it lines or covers something on the outside it is visceral

A

…

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41
Q

(know) The lungs are referred to as the pleural or pleura space also.. parietal layer

A

…

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42
Q

The lungs are in which body cavity

A

thoracic

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43
Q

Know what bursa is and where they are located

A

fluid filled sacs located in the joints of your knees and are filled with synovial fluid

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44
Q

The part of your skin that gives you your fingerprint is the dermal what

A

Dermal papillae

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45
Q

What is the visible part of the hair?

A

the shaft

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46
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

hematopoiesis

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47
Q

The humerus would be an example of what kind of bone?

A

long bone

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48
Q

(bone making)

A

osteoblasts

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49
Q

(bone breaking)

A

osteoclasts

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50
Q

What is responsible for mastication, opening and closing your mouth

A

mandible

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51
Q

(know) zygomatics are your cheek bones

A

…

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52
Q

What is your upper jaw called?

A

maxilla

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53
Q

If we hit the back of our skull what does it affect?

A

Vision, occipital

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54
Q

What are the 2 bones of the lower arm

A

ulna and radius

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55
Q

Which reduces the angle of a joint?

A

flexion

56
Q

What increases the angle of a joint?

A

extension

57
Q

Spins one bone relative to another?

A

rotation

58
Q

Primary organ of the skeletal system?

A

bones

59
Q

Striations are found where?

A

cardiac and skeletal

60
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

tendons

61
Q

What attaches bone to bone?

A

ligaments

62
Q

Muscle attachment to the more moveable bone?

A

insertion

63
Q

Muscle attachment to the more stationary bone?

A

origin

64
Q

How do your muscles work to make your movements more smooth?

A

prime mover and synergist work at the same time

65
Q

Tonic contractions are :

A

Good for posture and do not shorten

66
Q

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called

A

A threshold stimulus

67
Q

The movement that is opposite of dorsiflexion

A

plantar flexion

68
Q

Hand position when it is in anatomical position

A

supination

69
Q

What part of the body does the deltoid move?

A

upper extremities

70
Q

The two principal divisions of the nervous system are?

A

Central, CNS, and peripheral, PNS

71
Q

Brain stem includes what?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

72
Q

(know) The hypothalamus is responsible for production of antidiuretic hormone and is responsible for your sleep cycle

A

…

73
Q

(know) If you hit your head in the occipital lobe it will affect your vision

A

…

74
Q

Which lobe contains the auditory area

A

temporal

75
Q

(know) Sclera is the white of your eyes

A

…

76
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

77
Q

What is the color part of the eye?

A

iris

78
Q

What is the hole that lets light into the eye

A

pupil

79
Q

What is the external ear called

A

auricle or pinna

80
Q

(know) Tympanic membrane is the eardrum

A

…

81
Q

What cells are responsible for the sense of taste

A

gustatory cells

82
Q

6 primary taste sensations

A

sweet, salty, bitter, metallic, sour, umami

83
Q

What is otitis media

A

ear infection

84
Q

(know) Increased pressure inside the eye will make you develop glaucoma

A

…

85
Q

What is presbyopia

A

far sighted

86
Q

(know) ADH increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney

A

…

87
Q

Cortisol is made where?

A

adrenals, middle zone of the adrenal cortex.. you can exhaust your adrenals and it is very difficult to get them back and function properly. It has an anti immunity effect, kind of like a glucocorticoid, increased cortisol, increased inflammation, make you sick, it will cause you to have weight gain in the mid area

88
Q

(know) Epinephrine is released in response to stress

A

…

89
Q

(know) Vitamin B12, it is absorbed in the stomach by intrinsic factor, elderly are usually deficient in B12 due to lacking intrinsic factor.. Then you develop a type of anemia called pernicious anemia which is very common in the elderly

A

…

90
Q

Which white blood cells directly attack microbes?

A

t lymphocytes

91
Q

Which white blood cells protect the body from parasites?

A

eosinophils

92
Q

Vitamin K stimulates the liver to increase production of

A

prothrombin activator

93
Q

(know) Universal donor is type O

A

…

94
Q

(know) Universal recipient is AB

A

…

95
Q

(know) Term for White Blood Cells is leukocytes

A

…

96
Q

What are platelets also called?

A

thrombocytes

97
Q

This is primarily seen in darker people

A

sickle cell anemia

98
Q

The lack of this substance produced by the stomach lining can cause pernicious anemia

A

intrinsic factor

99
Q

the chambers of the heart include

A

two lower larger chambers called the ventricles

100
Q

The upper chambers, the atriums, typically do what?

A

receiving chambers

101
Q

(know) The right side of the heart deals with oxygen poor blood

A

…

102
Q

What does the superior vena cava carry?

A

oxygen poor blood to the right atrium

103
Q

when the left ventricle contracts, it pushes blood through a valve to the

A

aorta

104
Q

the pulmonary vein returns oxygen-rich blood to the

A

left atrium

105
Q

(know) The left side of the heart deals with oxygen rich blood and the right side of the heart deals with oxygen poor blood

A

…

106
Q

What is considered the pacemaker?

A

SA, sinoatrial, node

107
Q

Know The correct sequence for the conducting system

A

SA node, AV Node, AV bundle or bundle of his, purkinje fibers

108
Q

(know) High pressure is going to be in the aorta, and low pressure is coming from the vena cava

A

…

109
Q

(know) The pulse is felt by palpating an artery

A

…

110
Q

The apical beat can be heard where?

A

On a line even with the midpoint of the left clavicle and in the space between the 5th and 6th rib

111
Q

cardiac output is

A

the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute about 5 liters in the average adult

112
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

matures T cells

113
Q

Which tonsils are located on either side of the throat

A

palatine

114
Q

If you receive a flu shot to help protect you from getting the flu that is called

A

artificial active immunity

115
Q

Immunity passed from mother to fetus

A

natural passive immunity

116
Q

If you’ve had Measles and cant get them again

A

natural active immunity

117
Q

Gammabulin injection, hepatitis.. If a mother has hepatitis and delivers a baby they can be given a gammabulin to hopefully help prevent them from getting hepatitis.. It is given after exposure

A

artificial passive immunity

118
Q

Food undergoes what kind of process?

A

digestion, absorption, and metabolism

119
Q

Which organ is the main organ of the digestive system

A

stomach

120
Q

cranial

A

skull

121
Q

inguinal

A

groin

122
Q

thoracic

A

chest

123
Q

oral

A

mouth

124
Q

brachial

A

arm

125
Q

carpal

A

wrist

126
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

127
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

128
Q

popliteal

A

area behind the knee

129
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

130
Q

cephalic

A

head

131
Q

cervical

A

neck

132
Q

lumbar

A

lower back between ribs and pelvis

133
Q

axillary

A

armpit

134
Q

femoral

A

thigh

135
Q

antecubital

A

depressed area in the front of the elbow

136
Q

the diffusion of solutes through a selectively permeable membrane is a process called

A

dialysis

Nursing (80 decks)

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