AP FINAL Flashcards
What is the study of how the body functions?
physiology
Know the correct sequence of the level of organization
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ
Know reference positions for all body directional terms.. for example, relationship between the knee and the ankle
anatomical position
runs along a lengthwise plane running from front to back. It divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
Sagittal
equal right and left sides
Midsagittal
divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions
frontal
divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions
transverse
Know the body cavities, Know what is located in them for example, the mediastinum, what cavity is it in?
Dorsal contains cranial and spinal.. Ventral contains thoracic, pleural, mediastinum, diaphragm, abdominal cavity
What are the two major cavities of the body?
Dorsal and ventral
The diaphragm divides which cavities?
Thoracic from the abdominal cavity
using the maintaining of a constant temperature in a building as an example of a feedback loop,the thermometer would be an example of a?
sensor
You are given some pH readings, be able to state whether it is acidic, base, or alkaline
An acid has a pH less than 7.. A base has a pH greater than 7 and has more OH- ions than H+ ions in solution
If we have a buildup of CO2, CO2 is a base, when we breathe it out what happens? Buildup , of CO2 is acidosis.. so..
it causes it pH to rise
(know) example of monosaccharide (glucose),disaccharide (sucrose), polysaccharide (starch, glycogen)
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The control center of the cell is the?
nucleus
Know what cilia is
Small, hairlike structures on the exposed side of some cells
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is a process called
osmosis
makes a cell swell
hypotonic
draws fluid out of the cell and shrivels it up
hypertonic
Know the main difference between active and passive transport
active requires energy, ATP, and passive does not require energy
What is another term for tissue fluid?
interstitial fluid
Know about cell division
Interphase, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
DNA replication occurs during which phase of mitosis?
interphase
Fluid within the cell membrane, what is it called?
cytoplasm
Fluid outside the cell membrane is called?
interstitial fluid
Stratified squamous tissue is what
epithelial tissue
Smooth striated and cardiac are examples of what kind of tissue?
Muscle tissue
Adipose is what kind of tissue?
connective tissue
What type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
Hematopoietic tissue is made of what kind of tissue?
connective tissue
Pseudostratified tissue is made up of what kind of tissue?
epithelial
Which tissues have the ability to shorten and stretch?
muscle
Fibers found in the matrix give the tissues the ability to stretch and rebound easily
Elastin
How do you best define a system
group of organs working together to perform a function
What’s the primary function of the integumentary system
protection of underlying structures
Know accessory structures of the skin
hair, nails, sweat glands
How many bones do you have
206
What are the functions of your muscular system?
Movement, posture, heat production, fatigue
Primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation of materials
(know) Anytime you are asked about the lining of the interior of an organ or cavity, it is going to refer to the word parietal layer. If it lines or covers something on the outside it is visceral
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(know) The lungs are referred to as the pleural or pleura space also.. parietal layer
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The lungs are in which body cavity
thoracic
Know what bursa is and where they are located
fluid filled sacs located in the joints of your knees and are filled with synovial fluid
The part of your skin that gives you your fingerprint is the dermal what
Dermal papillae
What is the visible part of the hair?
the shaft
What does red bone marrow do?
hematopoiesis
The humerus would be an example of what kind of bone?
long bone
(bone making)
osteoblasts
(bone breaking)
osteoclasts
What is responsible for mastication, opening and closing your mouth
mandible
(know) zygomatics are your cheek bones
…
What is your upper jaw called?
maxilla
If we hit the back of our skull what does it affect?
Vision, occipital
What are the 2 bones of the lower arm
ulna and radius
Which reduces the angle of a joint?
flexion
What increases the angle of a joint?
extension
Spins one bone relative to another?
rotation
Primary organ of the skeletal system?
bones
Striations are found where?
cardiac and skeletal
What attaches muscle to bone?
tendons
What attaches bone to bone?
ligaments
Muscle attachment to the more moveable bone?
insertion
Muscle attachment to the more stationary bone?
origin
How do your muscles work to make your movements more smooth?
prime mover and synergist work at the same time
Tonic contractions are :
Good for posture and do not shorten
The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called
A threshold stimulus
The movement that is opposite of dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
Hand position when it is in anatomical position
supination
What part of the body does the deltoid move?
upper extremities
The two principal divisions of the nervous system are?
Central, CNS, and peripheral, PNS
Brain stem includes what?
medulla, pons, midbrain
(know) The hypothalamus is responsible for production of antidiuretic hormone and is responsible for your sleep cycle
…
(know) If you hit your head in the occipital lobe it will affect your vision
…
Which lobe contains the auditory area
temporal
(know) Sclera is the white of your eyes
…
What is the conjunctiva?
the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.
What is the color part of the eye?
iris
What is the hole that lets light into the eye
pupil
What is the external ear called
auricle or pinna
(know) Tympanic membrane is the eardrum
…
What cells are responsible for the sense of taste
gustatory cells
6 primary taste sensations
sweet, salty, bitter, metallic, sour, umami
What is otitis media
ear infection
(know) Increased pressure inside the eye will make you develop glaucoma
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What is presbyopia
far sighted
(know) ADH increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney
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Cortisol is made where?
adrenals, middle zone of the adrenal cortex.. you can exhaust your adrenals and it is very difficult to get them back and function properly. It has an anti immunity effect, kind of like a glucocorticoid, increased cortisol, increased inflammation, make you sick, it will cause you to have weight gain in the mid area
(know) Epinephrine is released in response to stress
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(know) Vitamin B12, it is absorbed in the stomach by intrinsic factor, elderly are usually deficient in B12 due to lacking intrinsic factor.. Then you develop a type of anemia called pernicious anemia which is very common in the elderly
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Which white blood cells directly attack microbes?
t lymphocytes
Which white blood cells protect the body from parasites?
eosinophils
Vitamin K stimulates the liver to increase production of
prothrombin activator
(know) Universal donor is type O
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(know) Universal recipient is AB
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(know) Term for White Blood Cells is leukocytes
…
What are platelets also called?
thrombocytes
This is primarily seen in darker people
sickle cell anemia
The lack of this substance produced by the stomach lining can cause pernicious anemia
intrinsic factor
the chambers of the heart include
two lower larger chambers called the ventricles
The upper chambers, the atriums, typically do what?
receiving chambers
(know) The right side of the heart deals with oxygen poor blood
…
What does the superior vena cava carry?
oxygen poor blood to the right atrium
when the left ventricle contracts, it pushes blood through a valve to the
aorta
the pulmonary vein returns oxygen-rich blood to the
left atrium
(know) The left side of the heart deals with oxygen rich blood and the right side of the heart deals with oxygen poor blood
…
What is considered the pacemaker?
SA, sinoatrial, node
Know The correct sequence for the conducting system
SA node, AV Node, AV bundle or bundle of his, purkinje fibers
(know) High pressure is going to be in the aorta, and low pressure is coming from the vena cava
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(know) The pulse is felt by palpating an artery
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The apical beat can be heard where?
On a line even with the midpoint of the left clavicle and in the space between the 5th and 6th rib
cardiac output is
the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute about 5 liters in the average adult
What does the thymus do?
matures T cells
Which tonsils are located on either side of the throat
palatine
If you receive a flu shot to help protect you from getting the flu that is called
artificial active immunity
Immunity passed from mother to fetus
natural passive immunity
If you’ve had Measles and cant get them again
natural active immunity
Gammabulin injection, hepatitis.. If a mother has hepatitis and delivers a baby they can be given a gammabulin to hopefully help prevent them from getting hepatitis.. It is given after exposure
artificial passive immunity
Food undergoes what kind of process?
digestion, absorption, and metabolism
Which organ is the main organ of the digestive system
stomach
cranial
skull
inguinal
groin
thoracic
chest
oral
mouth
brachial
arm
carpal
wrist
antebrachial
forearm
plantar
sole of the foot
popliteal
area behind the knee
tarsal
ankle
cephalic
head
cervical
neck
lumbar
lower back between ribs and pelvis
axillary
armpit
femoral
thigh
antecubital
depressed area in the front of the elbow
the diffusion of solutes through a selectively permeable membrane is a process called
dialysis
