BN chapter 13 and 15 Flashcards
A continual process of biologic, cognitive, and psychosocial change
Aging
What is a gernontologist
specialists in the study of aging people
what is biologic theories
theories based on cellular function and body physiology
This theory states that body cells are programmed to function for a specific length of time after which they break down and die. When too many cells quit functioning, the person eventually dies
biologic clock
This theory believes that cells are damaged by toxins, ions break off from ion pairs, and the resulting free radicals are unstable
free-radical theory
This theory states that body cells and organs eventually wear out, like machinery
wear and tear theory
This theory states the system loses its ability to protect the body from disease
immune system failure theory
This theory states the body no longer recognizes itself and begins to attack itself and break down, as occurs in some types of arthritis
autoimmune theory
What is psychosocial theories
theories related to socialization and life satisfaction
This theory suggests that it is normal for older people and society to withdraw from each other
disengagement theory
This theory states that people who remain interested and active will continue to enjoy life and to live longer
activity theory
This theory states each individual continues to live and develop as the unique person he or she is. Individuals’ basic personalities do not change, and they cope with aging in ways similar to how they coped with other stages of life
continuity theory
Food is a catalyst for ___
auto immune disorders
What is the maximum life span for humans
115 to 130
What does longevity mean?
length of life
What are 6 contributions to longevity
#1 healthier #2 education #3 lifestyle #4 Personality #5 Gender #6 genetics
What is demographic
statistics about populations
What is benign senescence
normal physical changes of aging
The “young old” are ages ___ to ___
65 to 74
The “middle old” are ages ___ to ___
75 to 84
The “very old” are ages ___ to __
85 and beyond
What are the 3 top common health concerns for people 75+
#1 hypertension #2 arthritis #3 heart disease
Schaie’s stage of cognitive development for older adults is called the ___. This states that older adults are more selective about how they spend their day
reintegrative stage
What does ego integrity mean
state of being complete
What are 3 things adult children should try to do
#1 plan ahead #2 include everyone #3 find important information
Satir noted that, when people experience change, loss. and grief, they progress through 6 stages :
#1 status quo #2 introduction of a foreign element #3 chaos #4 integration #5 practice #6 new status quo
What is bereavement
the state of having suffered a loss by death
What are the five grief indicators (peak within 6 months after loss)
#1 denial #2 yearning #3 anger #4 depression #5 acceptance
Brain death is characterized by 3 cardinal findings :
#1 coma #2 absence of brain stem reflexes #3 apnea
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the goal of palliative care is to :
reproduce or relieve the symptoms of a disease without attempting to provide a cure
___ can improve balance and help prevent falls
resistance training
What is the intent of hospice?
To help patients in the end stage of life, and their families, to experience the process of death with the highest quality of life and least amount of disruption as possible
Multiple theories have identified commonly seen patterns and emotions experienced by the dying persons and their loved one: (6)
#1 fear of dying #2 yearning #3 guilt #4 hope #5 despair #6 humor
What are the 5 stages of coping with death
#1 denial #2 anger #3 bargaining #4 depression #5 acceptance
What is thanatology
the study of death
The concept of comfort care :
focuses on identifying symptoms that cause the patient distress and adequately treating those symptoms
What is the 3 step ladder
The WHO has developed a 3 step ladder to follow the adequate pain relief. According to this ladder:
#1 start with nonopioid drugs + 1 adjuvant therapy #2 If pain persists or increases, add an opioid designated for mild to moderate pain #3 If pain persists or increases, change to an opioid designated for moderate to severe pain
What do you need to do to determine the necessity for increasing dosage
Carefully asses pain location, intensity, and response to medication every 2 to 4 hours or more often if needed
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations
respirations that gradually become shallower and are followed by periods of apnea (no breathing) - may be noted
What is Euthanasia
the act of ending another person’s life to end suffering, with (voluntary) or without (involuntary) his consent. It may be called “mercy killing”
What is passive euthanasia
when a patient chooses to die by refusing treatment that might prolong life
What is active euthanasia
generally defined as administering a drug or treatment to end the patient’s life
What is assisted suicide
It is making available to patients the means to end their life (such as a weapon or drug) with knowledge that suicide is their intent
What is a coroner
a person with legal authority to determine cause of death
What helps decrease mental decline
regular exercise of at least 30 minutes 5 times a week
What is the definition of death?
Brain death …. the cessation of all physical and chemical processes that invariably occurs in all living organisms; a stage of life
In 2013 how many people were over the age 65?
nearly 45 million people ; 14 % of the Total population
How many centurions were in the 2010 census
53364 … 20 men to 100 women
who is likely to fall victim to elderly abuse
people over 80 with the primary type being neglect
What are 3 early signs of dementia
confusion, memory loss, and disordered thinking
Increased heart size. Decreased cardiac output, causing less blood flow to all organs; thickened heart valves and blood vessels; less elasticity of blood vessels; slower blood cell production and immune response
cardiovascular
thickened alveolar walls, causing less elasticity. Weakened respiratory muscles. Decreased vital capacity and tidal volume (air pulled into lungs) Decreased number of cilia (lack of oxygen)
repiratory
thinned intervertebral disks, decreased bone calcium, and smaller muscle mass (atrophy) Less elasticity of ligaments and tendons (stiff) Degeneration of cartilage (change in gait)
Musculoskeletal
Thinner, drier skin. Loss of subcutaneous fat. Slowed rate of hair and nail growth
integumentary
Decreased bladder capacity and tone. Loss of nephrons, slowed function of remaining nephrons. (UTI, kidney infection) Decreased sphincter control. (bladder infection)
Urologic
Vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch, balance, reflexes
neurologic
Slowed production of all hormones. Decreased metabolic rate. Delayed insulin response
endocrine
Decreased secretion of saliva and other digestive enzymes. Slowed peristalsis. Slowed liver and pancreatic functions. Reduced absorption of nutrients.
Gastrointestional
Decreased hormone production; atrophy of ovaries, uterus, and vagina; benign prostatic hypertrophy. Slowed sexual responses
reproductive
