AP Ch 9

Question 1

(know) axons carry impulses away from the neuron cell bodies and dendrites carry impulses to the neuron cell bodies

Answer 1

…

Question 2

___ carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. They are also called afferent neurons

Answer 2

sensory neurons

Question 3

___ carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord. They only conduct impulses to two kinds of tissue, muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. They are also called efferent neurons

Answer 3

motor neurons

Question 4

___ conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. They also connect with each other to form complex, central networks of nerve fibers. They are sometimes called Central or Connecting neurons

Answer 4

interneurons

Question 5

The 3 main functions of glia

Answer 5

#1 hold functions neurons together and protect them
#2 Regulation of neuron function
#3 bring the various functions of nervous tissue together into a coordinated whole

Question 6

___ attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding these structures close to each other

Answer 6

astrocytes

Question 7

___ separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood

Answer 7

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Question 8

___ remain stationary, but in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and acts as a microbe-eating scavengers. They surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. They likewise help to clean up cell damage resulting from injury or disease

Answer 8

Microglia

Question 9

___ holds nerve fibers together and produces the fatty myelin sheath that envelops nerve fibers located in the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 9

Oligodendrocytes

Question 10

neurons with myelin-wrapped axons

Answer 10

myelinated fibers

Question 11

gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

Answer 11

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 12

The outer wrapped layer of a Schwann cell

Answer 12

neurilemma

Question 13

a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable

Answer 13

nerve

Question 14

groups of wrapped axons

Answer 14

fasicles

Question 15

covers the whole nerve

Answer 15

epineurium

Question 16

___ form the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 16

tracts

Question 17

brain and spinal cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites

Answer 17

grey matter

Question 18

nerve impulses

Answer 18

action potentials

Question 19

basic type of neuron pathway

Answer 19

reflex arc

Question 20

two-neuron arc consists of which neurons?

Answer 20

sensory and motor

Question 21

three-neuron arcs consist of what neurons?

Answer 21

sensory, interneurons, and motor

Question 22

a three-neuron arc reaction

Answer 22

withdrawal reflex

Question 23

a group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS

Answer 23

ganglion

Question 24

excitatory or inhibitory; regulates parasympathetic effectors; involved in memory

Answer 24

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 25

Excitatory or inhibitory; regulates sympathetic effectors, involved in emotional responses

Answer 25

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 26

mostly inhibitory; regulates motor control; involved in emotions and moods

Answer 26

Dopamine

Question 27

Mostly inhibitory; involved in sleep, emotions, and moods

Answer 27

serotonin

Question 28

mostly inhibitory; involved in blocking pain

Answer 28

endorphins and enkephalins

Question 29

signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

Answer 29

nitric oxide (NO)

Question 30

What are the 4 major divisions of the brain

Answer 30

``` #1 brainstem #2 cerebellum #3 diencephalon #4 cerebrum ```

Question 31

What are the 3 divisions the brainstem consists of

Answer 31

``` #1 medulla oblongata #2 pons #3 midbrain ```

Question 32

What are the 3 divisions the Diencephalon consists of

Answer 32

``` #1 Hypothalamus #2 Thalamus #3 Pineal Gland ```

Question 33

In the brainstem, small bits of gray matter mix closely and intricately with white matter to form the ___

Answer 33

reticular formation

Question 34

What are the 4 functions of the Thalamus

Answer 34

``` #1 relays sensory information #2 associates sensations with emotions #3 regulates level of consciousness #4 participates in motor reflexes ```

Question 35

(know) the outside of the cerebrum contains ridges called Convolutions or Gyri and groves called Sulci

Answer 35

...

Question 36

islands of grey matter whose functioning is essential for producing automatic movements and postures

Answer 36

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

Question 37

Two-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers; cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center

Answer 37

Medulla oblongata

Question 38

Two-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other regions of the body; influences respiration

Answer 38

Pons

Question 39

Two-way conduction pathway; relay for visual and auditory impulses

Answer 39

Midbrain

Question 40

Muscle coordination; maintenance of equilibrium and posture

Answer 40

cerebellum

Question 41

regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal

Answer 41

hypothalamus

Question 42

sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex; emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms

Answer 42

thalamus

Question 43

adjusts output of melatonin in response to changes in external light, to keep the body's internal clock on time

Answer 43

pineal gland

Question 44

sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, and memory

Answer 44

cerebrum

Question 45

conducts impulses up the spinal cord to the brain

Answer 45

ascending tract

Question 46

conducts impulses down the spinal cord from the brain

Answer 46

descending tracts

Question 47

tough, fluid-cushioned set of membranes

Answer 47

meninges

Question 48

What are the 3 layers of spinal meninges

Answer 48

``` #1 dura mater (outer) #2 pia mater (inner) #3 arachnoid mater (between dura and pia) ```

Question 49

fluid fills the subarachnoid spaces between the pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called ___

Answer 49

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 50

CSF forms continually from fluid filtering out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as the ___ and into the ventricles

Answer 50

Choroid plexus

Question 51

Conducts impulses from nose to brain. Main function: sense of smell

Answer 51

olfactory

Question 52

conducts impulses from eye to brain. Main function: vision

Answer 52

optic

Question 53

Conducts impulses from brain to eye muscles. Main function: eye movements

Answer 53

oculomotor

Question 54

Conducts impulses from brain to external eye muscles. Main function: eye movements

Answer 54

trochlear and abducens

Question 55

conducts impulses from skin and mucous membrane of head and from teeth to brain; also from brain to chewing muscles. Main function: sensations of face, scalp, and teeth; chewing movements.

Answer 55

trigeminal

Question 56

Conducts impulses from taste buds of tongue to brain; from brain to face muscles. Main function: sense of taste; contraction of muscles of facial expression

Answer 56

facial

Question 57

conducts impulses from ear to brain. Main function: hearing; sense of balance

Answer 57

vestibulocochlear

Question 58

conducts impulses from throat and taste buds of tongue to brain; also from brain to throat muscles and salivary glands. Main functions: sensations of throat, taste, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva

Answer 58

glossopharyngeal

Question 59

Conducts impulses from throat, larynx, and organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities to brain; also from brain to muscles of throat and to organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities. Main functions: sensations of throat and larynx and of thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis (gut movements)

Answer 59

vagus

Question 60

conducts impulses from brain to certain shoulder and neck muscles. Main functions: shoulder movements; turning movements of head

Answer 60

accessory

Question 61

conducts impulses from brain to muscles of tongue. Main function: tongue movements

Answer 61

hypoglossal

Question 62

(know) nerve impulses are also called actin potentials because each one is a difference in charge (called electrical potential) that usually triggers an action by the cell--- in this case, transmission of the impulse itself. If the traveling impulse encounters a section of membrane covered with insulating myelin, it simply jumps around the myelin to the next gap in the myelin sheath. Called saltatory conduction, this type of impulse travel is much faster than is possible in nonmyelinated sections

Answer 62

...

Question 63

located in several areas of CNS; PNS neuromuscular junction; ANS and visceral effectors

Answer 63

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 64

Located in several areas of the CNS; sympathetic division of the ANS

Answer 64

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 65

Located in the brain; ANS

Answer 65

dopamine

Question 66

located in several areas of the CNS

Answer 66

serotonin

Question 67

located in several areas of the CNS; retina; intestinal tract

Answer 67

endorphins and enkephalins

Question 68

located in several regions of the nervous system

Answer 68

nitric oxide (NO)

Question 69

the brainstem consists of : (3)

Answer 69

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 70

(know) functions of the cerebellum are to produce smooth coordinated movements, maintain equilibrium, and sustain normal postures

Answer 70

...

Question 71

(know) the hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of water balance, sleep cycles, and the control of appetite and many emotions involved in pleasure, fear, anger, sexual arousal, and pain

Answer 71

...

Question 72

(know) the pineal gland receives sensory information about the strength of light seen by the eyes and adjusts its output of the hormone melatonin.

Answer 72

...

Question 73

(know) melatonin is known as the "time keeping hormone" because it helps to keep the body's clock "one time" with the daily, month, and seasonal cycles of sunlight and moonlight

Answer 73

...

Question 74

(know) major cerebral functions are consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, and willed movements.

Answer 74

...