AP 11 Flashcards
(know) Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They secrete hormones into intercellular spaces. From there, the hormones diffuse directly into the blood and are carried throughout the body. Each hormone molecule may then bind to a cell that has specific receptors for that hormone, triggering a reaction in the cell. Such a cell is called a target cell
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(know) endocrine = in blood. Exocrine = outside of the blood
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production of too much hormone by a diseased gland is called ___
hypersecretion
if too little hormone is produced, the condition is called ___
hyposecretion
(know) because they are lipid-soluble, steroid hormones can pass intact directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell and DOES NOT need a second messenger
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(know) nonsteriod hormones need a second messenger
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tropic hormone. stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
tropic hormone. stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
tropic hormone. Female: stimulates development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens. Male: stimulates seminiferous tubules of testes to grow and produce sperm
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
tropic hormone. Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum, stimulates secretion of estrogen, triggers ovulation, stimulates development of corpus luteum (luteinization). Male: stimulates interstitial cells of the tests to secrete testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates growth in all organs; mobilizes nutrient molecules, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration
growth hormone (GH)
stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk secretion (milk let down) after pregnancy
prolactin (PRL) (lactogenic hormone)
stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy. stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts
oxytocin (OT)
stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
releasing hormones (RHs) (several)
inhibit the anterior pituitary’s secretion of hormones
inhibiting hormones (IHs) (several)
stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
inhibits the breakdown of bone; causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration
calcitonin (CT)
stimulates the breakdown of bone; causes an increase in blood calcium concentration
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis
mineralocorticoids (MCs): aldosterone
stimulate gluconeogenesis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration; also have anti-inflammatory, anti-immunity, and antiallergy effects
glucocorticoids (GCs) : cortisol (cortisone)
may stimulate sexual drive in the female but have negligible effects in the male
androgens
prolong and intensify the sympathetic nervous response during stress
epinephrine (Epi) (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (NR)
stimulates liver glycogenolysis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration
glucagon
promotes glucose entry into all cells, causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration
insulin
promote development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics
estrogens
promotes conditions required for pregnancy
progesterone
promotes development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics
testosterone
promote development of immune system cells
thymosins
promote conditions required during early pregnancy
chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone
inhibits tropic hormones that affect the ovaries; helps regulate the body’s internal clock and sleep cycles
melatonin
regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
affects energy balance (metabolism)
ghrelin
controls how hungry or full we feel
leptin
___, or tissue hormones, play an important role in communication and in the control of many body functions but do not meet the definition of a typical hormone. Lets you feel pain. They influence respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, inflammation, and the reproductive system
prostaglandins (PGs)
means “secrete beside”
paracrine
___ is the technical term for anterior pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
___ is the technical term for posterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis
means “gland”
adeno
means “nervous”
neuro
alpha cells secrete a hormone called ___
glucagon
beta cells secrete ___
insulin
the ___ consists of TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL
anterior pituitary
___ consists of RH and IH
hypothalamus
___ consists of ADH and OT
posterior pituitary
___ consists of T4, T3, CT
thyroid
___ consists of PTH
parathyroid
___ consists of MC, GC, androgens
adrenal cortex
___ consists of Epi and NR
adrenal medulla
___ consists of glucagon and insulin
pancreatic islets
___ consists of estrogens and progesterone
ovary
___ consists of testosterone
testis
___ consists of thymosins
thymus
___ consists of chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone
placenta
___ consists of melatonin
pineal gland
___ consists of ANH
heart (atria)
___ consists of ghrelin
GI tract
___ consists of leptin
fat-storing cells
a hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood
calcitonin (CT)
structure that develops into an important fetal membrane in the placenta
chorion
any of the several hormones secreted by the developing placenta during pregnancy that have a gonad-stimulating effect
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a hormone-secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secrets chiefly progesterone and some estrogen
corpus luteum
category of hormones secreted by any the the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex
corticoid
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, cortisol can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment
cortisol
dwarfism with developmental and intellectual disabilities caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland
cretinism
condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
cushing syndrome
adenosine monophosphate, one of several second messengers that deliver information inside the cell and thus regulate the cell’s activity
cyclic AMP (cAMP)
condition resulting from the hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and, if left untreated, may cause serious health problems
diabetes insipidus
a condition that occurs when the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose
diabetes mellitus
adrenaline; secretion of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine
category of hormones that influence nutrient metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoid (GC)
formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or lipid compounds
gluconeogenesis
hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate or to glucose
glycogenolysis
glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus
glycosuria
therapeutic version of the hormone cortisone (cortisol) secreted by the adrenal cortex; also known as compound F
hydrocortisone
cytokine compound that functions as an inflammation mediator
leukotriene
the formation of a golden body (corpus luteum) in the ruptured follicle
luteinization
important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is thought to be involved with the body’s internal clock
melatonin
hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief
mineralocorticoid (MC)
condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults
myxedema
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy to stimulate the breast development needed for lactation
prolactin (PRL)
small depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
sella turcica
condition in which the thyroid enlarges because iodine is lacking in the diet
simple goiter
prostaglandin-like substance in platelets that plays a role in hemostasis and blood clotting
thromboxane
