AP 11 Flashcards by Brianna Williams

(know) Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They secrete hormones into intercellular spaces. From there, the hormones diffuse directly into the blood and are carried throughout the body. Each hormone molecule may then bind to a cell that has specific receptors for that hormone, triggering a reaction in the cell. Such a cell is called a target cell

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(know) endocrine = in blood. Exocrine = outside of the blood

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production of too much hormone by a diseased gland is called ___

hypersecretion

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if too little hormone is produced, the condition is called ___

hyposecretion

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(know) because they are lipid-soluble, steroid hormones can pass intact directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell and DOES NOT need a second messenger

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(know) nonsteriod hormones need a second messenger

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tropic hormone. stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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tropic hormone. stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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tropic hormone. Female: stimulates development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens. Male: stimulates seminiferous tubules of testes to grow and produce sperm

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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tropic hormone. Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum, stimulates secretion of estrogen, triggers ovulation, stimulates development of corpus luteum (luteinization). Male: stimulates interstitial cells of the tests to secrete testosterone

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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stimulates growth in all organs; mobilizes nutrient molecules, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration

growth hormone (GH)

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stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk secretion (milk let down) after pregnancy

prolactin (PRL) (lactogenic hormone)

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stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy. stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts

oxytocin (OT)

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stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones

releasing hormones (RHs) (several)

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inhibit the anterior pituitary’s secretion of hormones

inhibiting hormones (IHs) (several)

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stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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inhibits the breakdown of bone; causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration

calcitonin (CT)

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stimulates the breakdown of bone; causes an increase in blood calcium concentration

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

mineralocorticoids (MCs): aldosterone

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stimulate gluconeogenesis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration; also have anti-inflammatory, anti-immunity, and antiallergy effects

glucocorticoids (GCs) : cortisol (cortisone)

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may stimulate sexual drive in the female but have negligible effects in the male

androgens

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prolong and intensify the sympathetic nervous response during stress

epinephrine (Epi) (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (NR)

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stimulates liver glycogenolysis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration

glucagon

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promotes glucose entry into all cells, causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration

insulin

promote development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics

estrogens

promotes conditions required for pregnancy

progesterone

promotes development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics

testosterone

promote development of immune system cells

thymosins

promote conditions required during early pregnancy

chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone

inhibits tropic hormones that affect the ovaries; helps regulate the body's internal clock and sleep cycles

melatonin

regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

affects energy balance (metabolism)

ghrelin

controls how hungry or full we feel

leptin

___, or tissue hormones, play an important role in communication and in the control of many body functions but do not meet the definition of a typical hormone. Lets you feel pain. They influence respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, inflammation, and the reproductive system

prostaglandins (PGs)

means "secrete beside"

paracrine

___ is the technical term for anterior pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

___ is the technical term for posterior pituitary gland

neurohypophysis

means "gland"

adeno

means "nervous"

neuro

alpha cells secrete a hormone called ___

glucagon

beta cells secrete ___

insulin

the ___ consists of TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL

anterior pituitary

___ consists of RH and IH

hypothalamus

___ consists of ADH and OT

posterior pituitary

___ consists of T4, T3, CT

thyroid

___ consists of PTH

parathyroid

___ consists of MC, GC, androgens

adrenal cortex

___ consists of Epi and NR

adrenal medulla

___ consists of glucagon and insulin

pancreatic islets

___ consists of estrogens and progesterone

ovary

___ consists of testosterone

testis

___ consists of thymosins

thymus

___ consists of chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone

placenta

___ consists of melatonin

pineal gland

___ consists of ANH

heart (atria)

___ consists of ghrelin

GI tract

___ consists of leptin

fat-storing cells

a hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood

calcitonin (CT)

structure that develops into an important fetal membrane in the placenta

chorion

any of the several hormones secreted by the developing placenta during pregnancy that have a gonad-stimulating effect

chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

a hormone-secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secrets chiefly progesterone and some estrogen

corpus luteum

category of hormones secreted by any the the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex

corticoid

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, cortisol can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment

cortisol

dwarfism with developmental and intellectual disabilities caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland

cretinism

condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

cushing syndrome

adenosine monophosphate, one of several second messengers that deliver information inside the cell and thus regulate the cell's activity

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

condition resulting from the hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and, if left untreated, may cause serious health problems

diabetes insipidus

a condition that occurs when the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose

diabetes mellitus

adrenaline; secretion of the adrenal medulla

epinephrine

category of hormones that influence nutrient metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex

glucocorticoid (GC)

formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or lipid compounds

gluconeogenesis

hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate or to glucose

glycogenolysis

glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus

glycosuria

therapeutic version of the hormone cortisone (cortisol) secreted by the adrenal cortex; also known as compound F

hydrocortisone

cytokine compound that functions as an inflammation mediator

leukotriene

the formation of a golden body (corpus luteum) in the ruptured follicle

luteinization

important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is thought to be involved with the body's internal clock

melatonin

hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief

mineralocorticoid (MC)

condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults

myxedema

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy to stimulate the breast development needed for lactation

prolactin (PRL)

small depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

sella turcica

condition in which the thyroid enlarges because iodine is lacking in the diet

simple goiter

prostaglandin-like substance in platelets that plays a role in hemostasis and blood clotting

thromboxane