AP CH 14 Flashcards
substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it
antigen
immune cells that present antigens on their surface and thus allow recognition and reaction by other immune system cells
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
a lymphocyte; when activated they develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood
B cells (B lymphocytes)
resistance to disease organisms resulting from the actions of cells; chiefly sensitized T cells
cell-mediated immunity
process by which a substance attracts (or repels) cells or organisms into )or away from) its vicinity
chemotaxis
an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system
cisterna chyli
antigen-binding site; any of the antigen receptor regions on antibody molecules; the shape of each combining site is complementary to the shape of a specific antigen
combining site
any of several inactive enzymes normally present in blood, which, when activated, kill foreign cells by dissolving them. They attract immune cells to a site of infection, activate immune cells, mark foreign cells for destruction, and increase the permeability of blood vessels. Also plays a vital role in producing the inflammatory response
complement
rapid-fire series of chemical reactions involving proteins, called complements (normally present in blood plasma), which are triggered by certain antibody-antigen reactions (and other stimuli), and result in the formation of tiny protein rings that create holes in a foreign cell and thus cause its destruction
complement cascade
part of an antibody molecule that binds with complement proteins during certain immune responses
complement-binding site
chemical released from cells to trigger or regulate innate and adaptive immune responses
cytokine
phagocytic cells with numerous branches in the immune system
dendritic cell (DC)
a category of B or T lymphocytes that carries out active immune functions, in contrast to a memory cell that remains immunologically inactive
effector cell
any of the small lymphatic vessels that carry lymphatic fluid away from a lymph node
efferent lymphatic vessel
immunity that is produced when antibodies prevent antigens from harming the body, also called antibody-mediated immunity
humoral immunity
immune process produced in response to injury and resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling— also promoting the movement of white blood cells to the affected area
inflammatory response
the protective mechanisms that provide immediate, nonspecific protection against any bacteria, toxin, or other injurious particle; also called nonspecific immunity
innate immunity
small proteins produced by the immune system that inhibit viral multiplication
interferon (IF)
any of several intracellular signals (cytokines) released by white blood cells (leukocytes); usually involved in immune responses
interleukin (IL)
a lymphatic vessel located in each villus of the intestine; serves to absorb lipid materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine
lacteal
mass of lymphoid tissue located in the mucous membrane at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsil
watery fluid, formed in the tissue spaces, that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood
Lymph
performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system
lymph node
any of the tiny blind-ended lymph-collecting tubes distributed in the tissue spaces
lymphatic capillary
any of the vessels that carry lymph to its eventual return to the circulatory system
lymphatic vessel
tissue that is responsible for manufacturing lymphocytes and monocytes; found mostly in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
lymphoid tissue
cell that remains in reserve in the lymph nodes until its ability to secrete antibodies is needed
memory cell
type of lymphocyte that kills many types of tumor cells
natural killer cell (NK cell)
either of a pair of lymphoid masses located behind and below the pillars of the fauces
palatine tonsil
tonsils located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; when enlarged, referred to as adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
type of lymphocyte (B lymphocyte) white blood blood cell that secretes huge amounts of antibody into the blood
plasma cell
short vessel into which lymphatic vessels from the right upper quadrant of the body empty lymph; the duct then empties the lymph into the circulatory system at the right subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct
a system of biological defense with memory of a specific antigen and the ability to respond to that antigen, in contrast to the nonspecific nature of innate immunity; another name is adaptive immunity
Specific immunity
largest lymphoid organ; filters blood, destroys won-out red blood cells, salvages iron from hemoglobin, and serves as a blood reservoir. Contains 500 mL (about 1 pint) of blood
spleen (the white pulp)
white blood cell of the immune system that has undergone maturation in the thymus; produces cell-mediated immunity
T cell (T lymphocyte)
largest lymphatic vessel in the body
thoracic duct
family of hormones produced by the thymus that is viral to the development and functioning of the body’s immune system, particularly the development of T lymphocytes
thymosin
occurs when an individual’s own immune system responds to an agent that produces and immune response regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered
active immunity
results when immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual or animal is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune
passive immunity
(know) active immunity lasts much longer than passive immunity. Although passive immunity is temporary, it provides immediate protection
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(know) the innate, nonspecific immune responses are more rapid than specific immune responses, so they are often the “first responders” when threats occur in the body
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literally, glandlike; pharyngeal tonsils, are paired lymphoid structures in the nasopharynx
adenoid
any small lymphatic vessel that carries lymphatic fluid toward a lymph node
afferent lymphatic vessel
antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together
agglutinate
