AP CH 14

Question 1

substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it

Answer 1

antigen

Question 2

immune cells that present antigens on their surface and thus allow recognition and reaction by other immune system cells

Answer 2

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Question 3

a lymphocyte; when activated they develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood

Answer 3

B cells (B lymphocytes)

Question 4

resistance to disease organisms resulting from the actions of cells; chiefly sensitized T cells

Answer 4

cell-mediated immunity

Question 5

process by which a substance attracts (or repels) cells or organisms into )or away from) its vicinity

Answer 5

chemotaxis

Question 6

an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system

Answer 6

cisterna chyli

Question 7

antigen-binding site; any of the antigen receptor regions on antibody molecules; the shape of each combining site is complementary to the shape of a specific antigen

Answer 7

combining site

Question 8

any of several inactive enzymes normally present in blood, which, when activated, kill foreign cells by dissolving them. They attract immune cells to a site of infection, activate immune cells, mark foreign cells for destruction, and increase the permeability of blood vessels. Also plays a vital role in producing the inflammatory response

Answer 8

complement

Question 9

rapid-fire series of chemical reactions involving proteins, called complements (normally present in blood plasma), which are triggered by certain antibody-antigen reactions (and other stimuli), and result in the formation of tiny protein rings that create holes in a foreign cell and thus cause its destruction

Answer 9

complement cascade

Question 10

part of an antibody molecule that binds with complement proteins during certain immune responses

Answer 10

complement-binding site

Question 11

chemical released from cells to trigger or regulate innate and adaptive immune responses

Answer 11

cytokine

Question 12

phagocytic cells with numerous branches in the immune system

Answer 12

dendritic cell (DC)

Question 13

a category of B or T lymphocytes that carries out active immune functions, in contrast to a memory cell that remains immunologically inactive

Answer 13

effector cell

Question 14

any of the small lymphatic vessels that carry lymphatic fluid away from a lymph node

Answer 14

efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 15

immunity that is produced when antibodies prevent antigens from harming the body, also called antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 15

humoral immunity

Question 16

immune process produced in response to injury and resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling— also promoting the movement of white blood cells to the affected area

Answer 16

inflammatory response

Question 17

the protective mechanisms that provide immediate, nonspecific protection against any bacteria, toxin, or other injurious particle; also called nonspecific immunity

Answer 17

innate immunity

Question 18

small proteins produced by the immune system that inhibit viral multiplication

Answer 18

interferon (IF)

Question 19

any of several intracellular signals (cytokines) released by white blood cells (leukocytes); usually involved in immune responses

Answer 19

interleukin (IL)

Question 20

a lymphatic vessel located in each villus of the intestine; serves to absorb lipid materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine

Answer 20

lacteal

Question 21

mass of lymphoid tissue located in the mucous membrane at the base of the tongue

Answer 21

lingual tonsil

Question 22

watery fluid, formed in the tissue spaces, that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood

Answer 22

Lymph

Question 23

performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system

Answer 23

lymph node

Question 24

any of the tiny blind-ended lymph-collecting tubes distributed in the tissue spaces

Answer 24

lymphatic capillary

Question 25

any of the vessels that carry lymph to its eventual return to the circulatory system

Answer 25

lymphatic vessel

Question 26

tissue that is responsible for manufacturing lymphocytes and monocytes; found mostly in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

Answer 26

lymphoid tissue

Question 27

cell that remains in reserve in the lymph nodes until its ability to secrete antibodies is needed

Answer 27

memory cell

Question 28

type of lymphocyte that kills many types of tumor cells

Answer 28

natural killer cell (NK cell)

Question 29

either of a pair of lymphoid masses located behind and below the pillars of the fauces

Answer 29

palatine tonsil

Question 30

tonsils located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; when enlarged, referred to as adenoids

Answer 30

pharyngeal tonsils

Question 31

type of lymphocyte (B lymphocyte) white blood blood cell that secretes huge amounts of antibody into the blood

Answer 31

plasma cell

Question 32

short vessel into which lymphatic vessels from the right upper quadrant of the body empty lymph; the duct then empties the lymph into the circulatory system at the right subclavian vein

Answer 32

right lymphatic duct

Question 33

a system of biological defense with memory of a specific antigen and the ability to respond to that antigen, in contrast to the nonspecific nature of innate immunity; another name is adaptive immunity

Answer 33

Specific immunity

Question 34

largest lymphoid organ; filters blood, destroys won-out red blood cells, salvages iron from hemoglobin, and serves as a blood reservoir. Contains 500 mL (about 1 pint) of blood

Answer 34

spleen (the white pulp)

Question 35

white blood cell of the immune system that has undergone maturation in the thymus; produces cell-mediated immunity

Answer 35

T cell (T lymphocyte)

Question 36

largest lymphatic vessel in the body

Answer 36

thoracic duct

Question 37

family of hormones produced by the thymus that is viral to the development and functioning of the body’s immune system, particularly the development of T lymphocytes

Answer 37

thymosin

Question 38

occurs when an individual’s own immune system responds to an agent that produces and immune response regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered

Answer 38

active immunity

Question 39

results when immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual or animal is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune

Answer 39

passive immunity

Question 40

(know) active immunity lasts much longer than passive immunity. Although passive immunity is temporary, it provides immediate protection

Answer 40

…

Question 41

(know) the innate, nonspecific immune responses are more rapid than specific immune responses, so they are often the “first responders” when threats occur in the body

Answer 41

…

Question 42

literally, glandlike; pharyngeal tonsils, are paired lymphoid structures in the nasopharynx

Answer 42

adenoid

Question 43

any small lymphatic vessel that carries lymphatic fluid toward a lymph node

Answer 43

afferent lymphatic vessel

Question 44

antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together

Answer 44

agglutinate