BN chapter 25 + 26 Flashcards
1
Q
Excess of acid or depletion of alkaline substance in the blood and body tissues
A
acidosis
2
Q
Force that can move molecules into cells regardless of their electrical charge or the concentrations already in the cell
A
active transport
3
Q
Excess of alkaline or decrease of acid substances in the blood and body fluids
A
alkalosis
4
Q
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity
A
ascites
5
Q
The process by which substances move back and forth across a membrane until they are evenly distributed throughout the available space. higher concentration to lower concentration.
A
diffusion
6
Q
Fluid in interstitial spaces
A
edema
7
Q
Mineral or salt that is dissolved in body fluid
A
electrolyte
8
Q
outside of the cell
A
extracellular
9
Q
the movement of water and suspended substances outward through a semipermeable membrane
A
filtration
10
Q
pressure exerted by fluid
A
hydrostatic pressure
11
Q
above-normal level of calcium in the blood
A
hypercalcemia
12
Q
abnormally high chloride in the blood
A
hyperchloremia
13
Q
excessive amount of potassium in the blood
A
hyperkalemia
14
Q
Excess magnesium in the blood
A
hypermagnesemia
15
Q
excess of sodium in the blood or a loss of body water
A
hypernatremia
16
Q
Of greater concentration; having a greater tonicity than blood. if cells are surrounded by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than the cells have, the water in the cells moves to the more concentrated solution, and the cells dehydrate and shrink.
A
hypertonic
17
Q
Abnormal increase in the volume of circulating blood
A
hypervolemia
18
Q
Below-normal level of calcium in the blood
A
hypocalcemia
19
Q
abnormally low chloride in the blood
A
hypochloremia
20
Q
abnormally low potassium in the blood
A
hypokalemia
21
Q
Abnormally low magnesium in the blood
A
hypomagnesemia
22
Q
abnormally low sodium in the blood
A
hyponatremia
23
Q
decreased phosphate in the blood
A
hypophosphatemia
24
Q
of lesser concentration; containing less solute than extravascular fluid. If the cells are surrounded by a solution that has less solute than the cells have
A
hypotonic
25
decreased volume of circulating blood
hypovolemia
26
placed or lying between
interstitial
27
within the cell
intracellular
28
within a vessel or vessels
intravascular
29
Of equal solute concentration; the solutions that have the same concentration, or osmolality, as blood and are used to expand the fluid volume of the body
isotonic
30
The movement of pure solvent (liquid) across a membrane
osmosis
31
Continuous tonic spas, of a muscle; characterized by severe muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, laryngeal spasms, and stridor
tetany
32
Secretions and excretions that move through cell membranes and eventually leave the body
transcellular
33
Normal tension of a cell; swelling, distention; elastic condition of skin
turgor
34
What are the 4 main functions that water serves?
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#1 to act as a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and from the cells
#2 to aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates
#3 to assist in maintenance of hydrogen (H+) balance in the body
#4 to serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion
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35
(know) more then half of the body's weight is water
...
36
The adult male body contains ___% water; the adult female body contains ___% water
60% and 50%
37
(know) the infant and the older adult are affected more quickly and seriously by minor changes in their fluid balance and can become rapidly dehydrated
...
38
Normal range for Sodium?
135 - 145 mEq/L
39
Normal range for potassium?
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
40
Normal range for calcium?
8.4 - 10.6 mg/dL
41
Normal range for magnesium?
1.3 - 2.1 mg/dL
42
Normal range for phosphate?
3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL
43
Normal range for chloride?
96 - 106 mEq/L
44
Normal range for bicarbonate?
22 - 26 mEq/L
45
Major cation of the extracellular fluid. Major role in regulation of water balance. Regulates extracellular fluid volume through osmotic pressure. Water follows sodium concentration in the body. Essential to the transmission of nerve impulses and helps maintain neuromuscular irritability. Important in controlling contractility of the heart. Helps maintain acid-base balance. Aids in maintenance of electroneutrality
Sodium (Na+)
46
Major intracellular cation. Important in nerve transmission and muscle contraction. Helps maintain normal heart rhythm. Helps maintain plasma acid-base balance.
potassium (K+)
47
Involved in formation of bone and teeth. Necessary for blood coagulation. Essential for normal nerve and muscle activity.
Calcium (CA2+)
48
Necessary for building bones and teeth. Necessary for nerve transmission and is involved in muscle contraction. Plays an important role in many metabolic reactions, where it acts as a cofactor to cellular enzymes.
Magnesium (Mg2+)
49
Necessary for formation of ATP. Cofactor in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Activates B-complex vitamins
Phosphate (PO43-)
50
Helps maintain acid-base balance. Important in formation of hydrochloric acid for secretion to the stomach. Acids in maintaining plasma electroneutrality.
Chloride (Cl-)
51
A buffer that neutralizes excess acids in the body. Helps regulate acid-base balance
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
52
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is of 3 types :
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#1 intravascular
#2 interstitial
#3 transcellular
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53
(know) ATP requires energy
...
54
(know) Hypothalamus is responsible for thirst
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55
(know) less than 30cc of urine output is a problem. 62.5 cc is normal range
...
56
(know) Acidosis pH is below 7.35 and Alkalosis pH is above 7.45
...
57
organic compound; building block
amino acids
58
chemical substance containing only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; category of food
carbohydrate
59
antioxidants that protect cells and tissues from damage by free radicals; shown to increase immunity, improve vision, and have a role in cancer prevention
carotenoids
60
metabolic process of breaking down complex substances into simple compounds
catabolism
61
component of fat found only in animal products
cholesterol
62
the first breast fluid
colostrum
63
protein from plant sources
complementary protein
64
one that contains all nine essential amino acids
complete protein
65
amino acid that must be consumed through food sources
essential amino acids
66
essential nutrient made up of fatty acids and glycerol that supplies a concentrated form of energy
fat
67
that portion of carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by intestinal enzymes and juices
fiber
68
fruit sugar
fructose
69
the metabolized form of sugar in the body
glucose
70
ranking of foods based on the response of postprandial blood glucose as compared with a reference food, usually white bread or glucose
glycemic index
71
one that does not contain all essential amino acids
incomplete protein
72
properly prepared in accordance with jewish dietary laws
kosher
73
condition occurring in infants and young children soon after weaning from breast milk, due to severe protein deficiency
kwashiorkor
74
diet consisting of dairy products, eggs, and plant foods
lacto-ovo-vegatarian
75
sugar derived from milk
lactose
76
diet consisting of dairy products and plant foods
lactovegetarian
77
form of protein-calorie malnutrition occurring chiefly in the first year of life, characterized by growth retardation and wasting of subcutaneous fat and muscle
marasmus
78
inorganic substance contained in animals and plants
mineral
79
amino acid that can be manufactured by the liver
nonessential amino acid
80
one of a class of complex nitrogenous compounds that occur naturally in plants and animals and yield amino acids when hydrolyzed
protein
81
fatty acids that come from animal food sources, coconut oil, and palm oil
saturated fats
82
table sugar
sucrose
83
fatty acids that come from vegetables, nuts, or seeds
unsaturated fats
84
What are the 3 control mechanisms
blood buffer system, the lungs, urinary system
85
(know) 3 days are needed for the kidneys to stabilize pH within normal range
...
86
(know) an increase in hydrogen ions results in acidosis (decrease in pH). A decrease in hydrogen ions results in alkalosis (increaase in pH)
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87
(know) Carbon dioxide levels increase in disorders such as airway obstruction, pneumonia, asthma, or chest injuries. Increased levels are also seen in patients taking opiates, which depress the respiratory rate. Chronic respiratory acidosis is prevalent among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also called chronic airflow limitation (CAL)
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88
(know) an excessive loss of bicarbonate ions or an increased production or retention of hydrogen ions leads to metabolic acidosis. The loss of bicarbonate ions with diarrhea is one cause of metabolic acidosis
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89
(know) the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis is diuretics' administration. Vomiting and gastrointestinal suction, resulting in loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach, as well as excessive antacid consumption, may also be causes.
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90
(know) hypokalemia (low serum potassium) is associated with metabolic alkalosis through various mechanisms.
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91
(know) stridor can only be heard through inspiration and it sounds shrill and harsh
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91
(know) stridor can only be heard through inspiration and it sounds shrill and harsh
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92
(know) a weight gain or loss of 1kg (2.2lb) in 24 hours indicates a gain or loss of 1 L of fluid
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93
(know) the best method in following edema is measuring the circumference
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94
(know) Chvostek sign is assesed by tapping the facial nerve about an inch in front of the ear lobe. A unilateral twitching of the face is a positive response.
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95
(know) to test for trousseau sign, place a blood pressure cugg on the arm and inflate it above the patient's systolic pressure for 3 minutes. A spasm of the hand indicates a positive Trousseau sign
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96
(know) deep tendon reflexes aare tested by tapping a partially stretched muscle tendon with a percussion hammer. The extent of the reflex is scored from 0 to 4+, with 0 representing no response, 2+ a normal response, and 4+ a hyperactive response
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97
(know) if urine output is less then 30 mL/h, potassium should not be given. Check IV fluids for added potassium before initiating IV therapy. Check the IV fluid that is in progress. Giving potassium when urine flow is inadequate may cause kidney damage
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98
(know) vitamin b12 is absorbed in the stomach through the action of intrinsic factor secreted from the stomach wall
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99
(know) aim to eat less than 300 mg of cholesterol a day
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100
(know) the only plant source of all nine amino acids is soybeans
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101
(know) vegans, in particular, may have a diet deficient in a vitamin B6, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, riboflavin, and Vitamin D. The more limited the vegetarian diet, the greater the risk of nutritional deficiencies
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102
(know) Fiber: fruits, grains and cereals, vegetables, legumes - cooked
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103
(know) the fat soluble vitamins are vitamins A,D,E, and K
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104
(know) a general rule is that the patient should take in an amount equal to the recorded fluid output plus 500 mL
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105
(know) HIV and AIDs require a high protein diet
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106
(know) some health care professionals encourage later introduction of solid foods starting at 9 to 12 months to decrease further the risk of food allergy or sensitivity
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107
(know) introducing solid foods before 4 to 6 months of age also increases the risk of the infant developing food allergies as the immune system matures. Solid foods should be introduced gradually one at a time
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