AP chapter 7

Question 1

What are 4 things bones do?

Answer 1

Protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis

Question 2

Bones serve as a safety deposit box for ___

Answer 2

calcium

Question 3

When the amount of calcium in blood exceeds its normal level, calcium moves ____

Answer 3

out of the blood and into the bones for storage

Question 4

When blood calcium decreases to a below-normal level, calcium moves ___

Answer 4

It leaves the bones and enters the blood, increasing blood calcium levels

Question 5

___ from the thyroid gland increases mineralization of bone, thereby reducing blood calcium levels

Answer 5

Calcitonin (CT)

Question 6

___ from the parathyroid glands counterbalances the effects of CT by decreasing calcium in the bone, thereby increasing the blood calcium level.

Answer 6

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

The term ___ is used to describe the process of blood cell formation

Answer 7

hematopoisesis also vital to red bone marrow

Question 8

What are the four major types of bones?

Answer 8

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

Question 9

Examples of a long bone?

Answer 9

humerus or arm bone

Question 10

Example of a short bone?

Answer 10

carpals or wrist bones

Question 11

Example of a flat bone?

Answer 11

frontal or skull bone, sternum (breastbone), the ribs

Question 12

Example of an irregular bone?

Answer 12

vertebrae or spinal bones

Question 13

What is an example of sesamoid bone?

Answer 13

the kneecap (patella) which develops within the patellar tendon

Question 14

A hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement

Answer 14

Diaphysis

Question 15

The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton

Answer 15

Medullary cavity

Question 16

The ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone inside

Answer 16

Epiphyses

Question 17

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint

Answer 17

Articular cartilage

Question 18

strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

Answer 18

Periosteum

Question 19

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Answer 19

Endosteum

Question 20

Flat bones have a layer of cancellous bone between outer layers of compact bone. The cancellous bone layer is called the ___

Answer 20

diploe

Question 21

The outer layer of bone is hard and dense, this type of bone is called ___

Answer 21

compact bone

Question 22

The porous bone tissue on the inside of individual bones is called ___

Answer 22

cancellous bone or spongy bone

Question 23

As the name implies, spongy bone contains many spaces. The cavities are filled with red or yellow marrow. The beams that form the lattice of spongy bone are called ___

Answer 23

trabeculae

Question 24

The extracellular matric is organized into numerous structural units called ___

Answer 24

osteons or Haversian systems

Question 25

Each circular and tubelike osteon is composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers that resemble the rings of an onion. Each ring is called a ___

Answer 25

concentric lamella

Question 26

Central canal is also called ___

Answer 26

haversian canal

Question 27

the transverse canals are sometimes called ___

Answer 27

Volkmann canals

Question 28

___ are mature bone cells that were formerly active bone-making osteoblast cells, but which have now become dormant

Answer 28

osteocytes

Question 29

Osteocytes lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called ___

Answer 29

lacunae

Question 30

___ are tiny passageways, or canals

Answer 30

canaliculi

Question 31

Cartilage cells are also called ___

Answer 31

Chondrocytes

Question 32

The process of constantly remodeling a growing bone as it changes from a small cartilage model to the characteristic shape and proportion of the adult bone requires continuous activity by bone-forming cells called ___ and bone reabsorbing cells called ___

Answer 32

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 33

When osteoblasts become trapped between lamellae of hard bone matrix, they stop forming bone and are called ___. They resume their bone making activity when osteoclasts (or an injury) remove the surrounding bone

Answer 33

osteocytes

Question 34

This term means "formed in cartilage"

Answer 34

endochondral ossification

Question 35

An area of cartilage called an ___ remains between the epiphyses and the diaphysis as long as growth continues.

Answer 35

epiphyseal plate

Question 36

Growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone. All that remains is an ___ that marks the location where the two centers of ossification have fused together

Answer 36

Epiphyseal line

Question 37

Some bones, such as the skull bones are formed by calcification of fibrous membranes in a process called ___

Answer 37

intramembranous ossification

Question 38

Soft spots on a newborn baby's skull are called ___

Answer 38

fontanels. Fontanels allow some compression of the skull during birth without much risk of breaking the skull bones

Question 39

What are the main parts of the axial skeleton?

Answer 39

The skull (cranial bones, ear bones, face bones), the spine (vertebrae), The thorax (ribs, sternum), and the hyoid bone

Question 40

What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 40

Upper extremities (Pectoral 'shoulder' girdle, arm and forearm bones, wrist bones, hand bones) and lower extremities (pelvic 'hip' girdle, thigh and leg bones, ankle bones, foot bones)

Question 41

There are four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose and thus are referred to as ___

Answer 41

paranasal sinuses

Question 42

What are the four pairs of sinuses?

Answer 42

Frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Question 43

What are the bones of the skull?

Answer 43

Cranial bones, face bones, ear bones, hyoid bone

Question 44

___ give shape to the bulging topside of the skull

Answer 44

parietal bones

Question 45

Two parietal bones form immovable joints called ___ with several bones

Answer 45

sutures

Question 46

Joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone

Answer 46

Lambdoidal suture

Question 47

Joins lateral margin of each parietal bone with the superior margin of the temporal bone and to the lateral part of the sphenoid bone

Answer 47

squamous sutures

Question 48

Joins the anterior margins of parietal bones with the posterior margin of the frontal bone

Answer 48

Coronal suture

Question 49

Joins the medial margins of the parietal margins to each other

Answer 49

sagittal suture

Question 50

What are 3 different sections of the vertebral column?

Answer 50

cervical region, thoracic region, and lumbar region

Question 51

When you look at the spine from the side, you will see the thoracic and sacral curves, called ___ because they round outward

Answer 51

convex curvatures

Question 52

The cervical and lumbar curves of the spine are called ___ because they curve inward

Answer 52

concave curvatures

Question 53

A newborn's spine forms a continuous convex curve from top to bottom called the ___

Answer 53

Primary curvature

Question 54

The concave cervical and lumber curvatures are sometimes called ___ because they appear later in development than the primary (convex) curvatures

Answer 54

secondary curvatures

Question 55

The only direct point of attachment between the scapula, the clavicle, and the pectoral girdle occurs at the ___ between the clavicle and the sternum

Answer 55

sternoclavicular joint

Question 56

A group of muscles that are together are called ___

Answer 56

the rotator cuff

Question 57

Notice that the large bony process of the ulna, called the ___, fits nicely into a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus, called the ___

Answer 57

olecranon and the olecranon fossa

Question 58

The femur is the longest bone in the body and articulates proximally at the hip with the coxal bone in a deep, cut-shaped socket called the ___

Answer 58

acetabulum

Question 59

Osteoblasts ___ Osteoclasts ___

Answer 59

bone maker. bone breaker.

Question 60

Joints are also called ___

Answer 60

articulations

Question 61

Every bone but one forms a joint with some other bone. The exception is the ___

Answer 61

hyoid bone in the next, to which the tongue anchors

Question 62

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 62

``` #1 Synarthroses - no movement #2 Amphiarthroses - slight movement #3 Diarthroses - free movement ```

Question 63

The joints between cranial bones are ___, commonly called sutures

Answer 63

syarthrosis

Question 64

___ are usually made up of cartilage, which joins the bones tightly - but often with slight flexibility

Answer 64

amphiarthrosis

Question 65

The ___, the joint between the two pubic bones is an amphiarthoris

Answer 65

symphysis pubis

Question 66

Most of our joints are ___

Answer 66

diarthoroses

Question 67

The ___ is made of the body's strongest and toughest material -fibrous connective tissue- and is lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane

Answer 67

joint capsule

Question 68

___ are cords or bands made of the same strong fibrous connective tissue as the joint capsule. Also grow out of the periosteum and join the two bones together even more firmly

Answer 68

ligaments

Question 69

The layer of ___ over the joint ends of bones acts like a rubber heel on a shoe - it absorbs jolts. It also provides a smooth surface so the bones of the joint can move with little friction

Answer 69

Articular cartilage

Question 70

In some joints, the synovial membrane forms a pocketlike extension or a pouch filled alongside a joint called ___

Answer 70

bursa

Question 71

What are the types of diarthroses (6)

Answer 71

``` #1 Ball-and-socket #2 hinge #3 pivot #4 saddle #5 gliding #6 condyloid joints ```

Question 72

What are examples of a ball and socket joint

Answer 72

shoulder and hip joints

Question 73

___ allow movements in only two directions namely flexion and extension

Answer 73

hinge joints

Question 74

___ is bending a joint

Answer 74

flexion

Question 75

___ is straightening a joint out

Answer 75

extension

Question 76

What are examples of hinge joints?

Answer 76

elbow and knee joints, and the joints in the fingers

Question 77

Only one pair of ___ exists in the body - between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist (the name of this carpal bone is the trapezium)

Answer 77

saddle joints

Question 78

___ are the least movable diarthortic joints

Answer 78

gliding joints

Question 79

___ are those in which a an oval projection fits into an elliptical socket

Answer 79

Condyloid joints