AP chapter 7 Flashcards
What are 4 things bones do?
Protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis
Bones serve as a safety deposit box for ___
calcium
When the amount of calcium in blood exceeds its normal level, calcium moves ____
out of the blood and into the bones for storage
When blood calcium decreases to a below-normal level, calcium moves ___
It leaves the bones and enters the blood, increasing blood calcium levels
___ from the thyroid gland increases mineralization of bone, thereby reducing blood calcium levels
Calcitonin (CT)
___ from the parathyroid glands counterbalances the effects of CT by decreasing calcium in the bone, thereby increasing the blood calcium level.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
The term ___ is used to describe the process of blood cell formation
hematopoisesis also vital to red bone marrow
What are the four major types of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
Examples of a long bone?
humerus or arm bone
Example of a short bone?
carpals or wrist bones
Example of a flat bone?
frontal or skull bone, sternum (breastbone), the ribs
Example of an irregular bone?
vertebrae or spinal bones
What is an example of sesamoid bone?
the kneecap (patella) which develops within the patellar tendon
A hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement
Diaphysis
The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton
Medullary cavity
The ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone inside
Epiphyses
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint
Articular cartilage
strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage
Periosteum
A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
Flat bones have a layer of cancellous bone between outer layers of compact bone. The cancellous bone layer is called the ___
diploe
The outer layer of bone is hard and dense, this type of bone is called ___
compact bone
The porous bone tissue on the inside of individual bones is called ___
cancellous bone or spongy bone
As the name implies, spongy bone contains many spaces. The cavities are filled with red or yellow marrow. The beams that form the lattice of spongy bone are called ___
trabeculae
The extracellular matric is organized into numerous structural units called ___
osteons or Haversian systems
Each circular and tubelike osteon is composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers that resemble the rings of an onion. Each ring is called a ___
concentric lamella
Central canal is also called ___
haversian canal
the transverse canals are sometimes called ___
Volkmann canals
___ are mature bone cells that were formerly active bone-making osteoblast cells, but which have now become dormant
osteocytes
Osteocytes lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called ___
lacunae
___ are tiny passageways, or canals
canaliculi
Cartilage cells are also called ___
Chondrocytes
The process of constantly remodeling a growing bone as it changes from a small cartilage model to the characteristic shape and proportion of the adult bone requires continuous activity by bone-forming cells called ___ and bone reabsorbing cells called ___
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
When osteoblasts become trapped between lamellae of hard bone matrix, they stop forming bone and are called ___. They resume their bone making activity when osteoclasts (or an injury) remove the surrounding bone
osteocytes
This term means “formed in cartilage”
endochondral ossification
An area of cartilage called an ___ remains between the epiphyses and the diaphysis as long as growth continues.
epiphyseal plate
Growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone. All that remains is an ___ that marks the location where the two centers of ossification have fused together
Epiphyseal line
Some bones, such as the skull bones are formed by calcification of fibrous membranes in a process called ___
intramembranous ossification
Soft spots on a newborn baby’s skull are called ___
fontanels. Fontanels allow some compression of the skull during birth without much risk of breaking the skull bones
What are the main parts of the axial skeleton?
The skull (cranial bones, ear bones, face bones), the spine (vertebrae), The thorax (ribs, sternum), and the hyoid bone
What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Upper extremities (Pectoral ‘shoulder’ girdle, arm and forearm bones, wrist bones, hand bones) and lower extremities (pelvic ‘hip’ girdle, thigh and leg bones, ankle bones, foot bones)
There are four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose and thus are referred to as ___
paranasal sinuses
What are the four pairs of sinuses?
Frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
What are the bones of the skull?
Cranial bones, face bones, ear bones, hyoid bone
___ give shape to the bulging topside of the skull
parietal bones
Two parietal bones form immovable joints called ___ with several bones
sutures
Joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone
Lambdoidal suture
Joins lateral margin of each parietal bone with the superior margin of the temporal bone and to the lateral part of the sphenoid bone
squamous sutures
Joins the anterior margins of parietal bones with the posterior margin of the frontal bone
Coronal suture
Joins the medial margins of the parietal margins to each other
sagittal suture
What are 3 different sections of the vertebral column?
cervical region, thoracic region, and lumbar region
When you look at the spine from the side, you will see the thoracic and sacral curves, called ___ because they round outward
convex curvatures
The cervical and lumbar curves of the spine are called ___ because they curve inward
concave curvatures
A newborn’s spine forms a continuous convex curve from top to bottom called the ___
Primary curvature
The concave cervical and lumber curvatures are sometimes called ___ because they appear later in development than the primary (convex) curvatures
secondary curvatures
The only direct point of attachment between the scapula, the clavicle, and the pectoral girdle occurs at the ___ between the clavicle and the sternum
sternoclavicular joint
A group of muscles that are together are called ___
the rotator cuff
Notice that the large bony process of the ulna, called the ___, fits nicely into a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus, called the ___
olecranon and the olecranon fossa
The femur is the longest bone in the body and articulates proximally at the hip with the coxal bone in a deep, cut-shaped socket called the ___
acetabulum
Osteoblasts ___ Osteoclasts ___
bone maker. bone breaker.
Joints are also called ___
articulations
Every bone but one forms a joint with some other bone. The exception is the ___
hyoid bone in the next, to which the tongue anchors
What are the 3 types of joints?
#1 Synarthroses - no movement #2 Amphiarthroses - slight movement #3 Diarthroses - free movement
The joints between cranial bones are ___, commonly called sutures
syarthrosis
___ are usually made up of cartilage, which joins the bones tightly - but often with slight flexibility
amphiarthrosis
The ___, the joint between the two pubic bones is an amphiarthoris
symphysis pubis
Most of our joints are ___
diarthoroses
The ___ is made of the body’s strongest and toughest material -fibrous connective tissue- and is lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane
joint capsule
___ are cords or bands made of the same strong fibrous connective tissue as the joint capsule. Also grow out of the periosteum and join the two bones together even more firmly
ligaments
The layer of ___ over the joint ends of bones acts like a rubber heel on a shoe - it absorbs jolts. It also provides a smooth surface so the bones of the joint can move with little friction
Articular cartilage
In some joints, the synovial membrane forms a pocketlike extension or a pouch filled alongside a joint called ___
bursa
What are the types of diarthroses (6)
#1 Ball-and-socket #2 hinge #3 pivot #4 saddle #5 gliding #6 condyloid joints
What are examples of a ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip joints
___ allow movements in only two directions namely flexion and extension
hinge joints
___ is bending a joint
flexion
___ is straightening a joint out
extension
What are examples of hinge joints?
elbow and knee joints, and the joints in the fingers
Only one pair of ___ exists in the body - between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist (the name of this carpal bone is the trapezium)
saddle joints
___ are the least movable diarthortic joints
gliding joints
___ are those in which a an oval projection fits into an elliptical socket
Condyloid joints
