Fundamentals chapter 16 Flashcards
Agent that is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms
Antibiotic
Substance capable of killing or suppressing the multiplication and growth of microorganisms
antimicrobial
Chemical compound used on skin or tissue to eliminate microorganisms
antiseptic
Destruction and/or containment of infectious agents after they leave the body of a patient with an infectious disease
asepsis
Free of microorganisms
aseptic
single celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus, which can reproduce as quickly as every few minutes, depending on conditions
bacteria
To make unclean
contaminate
Dead tissue or foreign matter
debris
Tiny, primitive organisms of the plant kingdom that contain no chlorophyll and reproduce by means of spores; present in soil, air, and water
fungi
Parasitic worms or flukes that belong to the animal kingdom
helminths
Reaction of the body to substances interpreted as non-self
immune response
Biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth
interferon
The practice of reducing the number of organisms present or reducing the risk for transmission of organisms
medical asepsis
Organism only visible with a microscope
microorganism
Any disease-producing organism
pathogen
Items such as gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear, and hair covering used to protect the health care team member from infectious organisms
Personal protective equipment
Proteinaceous particles believed to be responsible for transmissible neurodegenerative diseases
prions
One-celled microscopic organisms belonging to the animal kingdom
protozoa
Genus of small, rod-shaped to round microorganisms found in tissue cells of lice, fleas, ticks, and mites and transmitted to humans by their bites
Rickettsia
Precautions that protect both the nurse and patient from infection and are to be used for every patient contact
standard precautions
without pathologic organisms
sterile
The process of rendering an article free of microorganisms and their pathogenic products
Sterilization
The practice of preparing and handling materials in a way that prevents the patient’s exposure to living microorangisms
surgical asepsis
Extremely small particles of nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA, with a coat of protein, and in some cases a membrane envelope, that can trigger an immune reaction or damage cells in other ways
Viruses
___ are responsible for the symptoms seen in diseases such as botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and Escherichia coli infection
endotoxins
___ are abundant in our environment, and many can cause infection if not controlled
Microorganisms
Pathogens include :
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, rickettsia, fungi, prions, and helminths
What is the most effective way to destroy many kinds of microorganisms?
expose them to moist heat at a high temperature for 15 to 20 minutes
___ are used when a specific disease is known or suspected
Transmission-based precautions
Body defenses against infection are :
intact skin, the inflammatory process, and the immune response
The purposes of the inflammatory process are :
to neutralize and destroy harmful agents, limit their spread, and prepare damaged tissue for repair
What are the five types of immunity?
naturally acquired, passive acquired, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired, and artificially acquired passive
What is the most effective way to prevent the transfer of microorganisms and is performed before and after caring for each patient?
Hand washing
What can kill or inactivate a pathogen?
sterilization or the use of antimicrobial agents
What are the five methods of sterilization?
Steam/moist heat, dry heat/hot air, ethylene oxide, low temperature gas plasma, and radiation
Nonpathogenic organisms that are prevalent on and in the body are called ___
normal flora
___ prevents more harmful microorganisms from colonizing and multiplying within the body
normal flora
___ needs oxygen to grow and thrive
Aerobic
What are the four most common multidrug-resistant organisms?
1 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) #2 vancomycin-resistant Enterococus (VRE) #3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing (ESBL) pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae or E. Coli) and #4 Clostridium difficile (C. Diff)
Another example of a drug resistant organism is
penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia, which causes a form of pneumonia that can be difficult to treat
Creutzfedlt-jakob disease example
a human version mad cow disease
___ do not trigger an immune response but cause degenerative neurologic disease
Prions
___ causes diarrhea
protozoa
___ can grow and replicate only within a living cell
viruses
___ only multiple in host cells. Examples include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus
Rickettsia
examples of fungi
yeasts and molds.. fungi feeds on living plants, animals, and decaying organic material
What is an autoclave?
a strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization.
Modes of transfer of pathogens? (5)
1 direct personal contact with body excretions or drainage such as from an infected wound #2 indirect contact with contaminated inanimate objects (called FOMITES), such as needles, drinking and eating utensils, dressings, and hospital equipment #3 vectors such as fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and other insects that harbor infectious agents and transmit infection to humans through bites and stings #4 droplet infection or contamination by aerosol route through sneezing and coughing and #5 spread of infection from one part of the body to another
What is the difference between sterile and aseptic
aseptic is free of microorganisms while sterile is without pathologic organisms
What are the current CDC recommendations about sneezing and coughing?
Sneeze or cough into the bended elbow rather than covering the mouth with the hands. This way, the spread of the respiratory droplets is prevented and hands are not contaminated
How is Hepatitis A spread?
Oral-fecal route
How can pathogens enter the body?
eyes, mouth, trachea, or skin
What increases the risk of disease?
poor nutrition, inadequate hygiene, impaired mobility, chronic illness, and physiologic changes
Infection acquired by a patient after admission to a health care facility due to the transfer of microorganisms to the patient by contaminated hands or objects or infected people.
Health care associated infection (HAI) ALSO CALLED nosocomial infection
Example of Health care associated infection?
Catheter acquired urinary tract infection
Lysozymes are ___
bactericidal
___ lines the respiratory tract trap microorganisms and debris and propel them up and out of the body with a wave like action
cilia
The ___ cells in the liver destroy bacteria that enter the portal liver circulation
Kupffer
___ work to destroy or stop invasion
phagocytes
Some phagocytes are called ___ others are concerned with immunity and they are called ___
tissue macrophages, and lymphocytic cells
If the neutrophil count is decreased on the differential WBC count, while the monocyte count and lymphocyte counts are elevated, the cause of infection is probably ___
viral
What are monocytes?
bacteria
Inflammation is a localized protective response brought on by what
injury or destruction of tissues
What are the basic purposes of the inflammatory response? (3)
1 neutralize and destroy harmful agents #2 limit their spread to other tissues in the body #3 prepare the damaged tissues for repair
Occurs when a person is given an antitoxin or antiserum that contains antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person
Passive acquired immunity
occurs when the fetus receives antibodies from the mother through placental blood before birth
naturally acquired passive immunity
is achieved through injection of vaccines or immunizing substances that contain dead or inactive microorganisms or their toxins
artificially acquired immunity
Is provided by injection with antibodies derived from the infected blood of people or animals
artifically acquired passive immunity
How do you remove PPE, in order
remove gloves, remove eyewear, remove head cover, remove gown, remove facemask, perform hand hygiene
6 steps to clean objects
1 rinse object with cold water #2 wash with hot soapy water #3 use a stiff bristled #4 rinse with hot water #5 dry the object #6 always disinfect
What is the chlorine bleach and water ratio?
1:10
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic
Bactericidal destroys bacteria and bacteriostatic prevents growth and reproduction of some bacteria
