Fundamentals chapter 16 Flashcards by Brianna Williams

Agent that is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

Antibiotic

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Substance capable of killing or suppressing the multiplication and growth of microorganisms

antimicrobial

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Chemical compound used on skin or tissue to eliminate microorganisms

antiseptic

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Destruction and/or containment of infectious agents after they leave the body of a patient with an infectious disease

asepsis

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Free of microorganisms

aseptic

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single celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus, which can reproduce as quickly as every few minutes, depending on conditions

bacteria

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To make unclean

contaminate

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Dead tissue or foreign matter

debris

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Tiny, primitive organisms of the plant kingdom that contain no chlorophyll and reproduce by means of spores; present in soil, air, and water

fungi

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Parasitic worms or flukes that belong to the animal kingdom

helminths

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Reaction of the body to substances interpreted as non-self

immune response

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Biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth

interferon

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The practice of reducing the number of organisms present or reducing the risk for transmission of organisms

medical asepsis

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Organism only visible with a microscope

microorganism

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Any disease-producing organism

pathogen

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Items such as gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear, and hair covering used to protect the health care team member from infectious organisms

Personal protective equipment

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Proteinaceous particles believed to be responsible for transmissible neurodegenerative diseases

prions

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One-celled microscopic organisms belonging to the animal kingdom

protozoa

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Genus of small, rod-shaped to round microorganisms found in tissue cells of lice, fleas, ticks, and mites and transmitted to humans by their bites

Rickettsia

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Precautions that protect both the nurse and patient from infection and are to be used for every patient contact

standard precautions

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without pathologic organisms

sterile

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The process of rendering an article free of microorganisms and their pathogenic products

Sterilization

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The practice of preparing and handling materials in a way that prevents the patient’s exposure to living microorangisms

surgical asepsis

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Extremely small particles of nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA, with a coat of protein, and in some cases a membrane envelope, that can trigger an immune reaction or damage cells in other ways

Viruses

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___ are responsible for the symptoms seen in diseases such as botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and Escherichia coli infection

endotoxins

___ are abundant in our environment, and many can cause infection if not controlled

Microorganisms

Pathogens include :

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, rickettsia, fungi, prions, and helminths

What is the most effective way to destroy many kinds of microorganisms?

expose them to moist heat at a high temperature for 15 to 20 minutes

___ are used when a specific disease is known or suspected

Transmission-based precautions

Body defenses against infection are :

intact skin, the inflammatory process, and the immune response

The purposes of the inflammatory process are :

to neutralize and destroy harmful agents, limit their spread, and prepare damaged tissue for repair

What are the five types of immunity?

naturally acquired, passive acquired, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired, and artificially acquired passive

What is the most effective way to prevent the transfer of microorganisms and is performed before and after caring for each patient?

Hand washing

What can kill or inactivate a pathogen?

sterilization or the use of antimicrobial agents

What are the five methods of sterilization?

Steam/moist heat, dry heat/hot air, ethylene oxide, low temperature gas plasma, and radiation

Nonpathogenic organisms that are prevalent on and in the body are called ___

normal flora

___ prevents more harmful microorganisms from colonizing and multiplying within the body

normal flora

___ needs oxygen to grow and thrive

Aerobic

What are the four most common multidrug-resistant organisms?

#1 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) #2 vancomycin-resistant Enterococus (VRE) #3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing (ESBL) pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae or E. Coli) and #4 Clostridium difficile (C. Diff)

Another example of a drug resistant organism is

penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia, which causes a form of pneumonia that can be difficult to treat

Creutzfedlt-jakob disease example

a human version mad cow disease

___ do not trigger an immune response but cause degenerative neurologic disease

Prions

___ causes diarrhea

protozoa

___ can grow and replicate only within a living cell

viruses

___ only multiple in host cells. Examples include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus

Rickettsia

examples of fungi

yeasts and molds.. fungi feeds on living plants, animals, and decaying organic material

What is an autoclave?

a strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization.

Modes of transfer of pathogens? (5)

#1 direct personal contact with body excretions or drainage such as from an infected wound #2 indirect contact with contaminated inanimate objects (called FOMITES), such as needles, drinking and eating utensils, dressings, and hospital equipment #3 vectors such as fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and other insects that harbor infectious agents and transmit infection to humans through bites and stings #4 droplet infection or contamination by aerosol route through sneezing and coughing and #5 spread of infection from one part of the body to another

What is the difference between sterile and aseptic

aseptic is free of microorganisms while sterile is without pathologic organisms

What are the current CDC recommendations about sneezing and coughing?

Sneeze or cough into the bended elbow rather than covering the mouth with the hands. This way, the spread of the respiratory droplets is prevented and hands are not contaminated

How is Hepatitis A spread?

Oral-fecal route

How can pathogens enter the body?

eyes, mouth, trachea, or skin

What increases the risk of disease?

poor nutrition, inadequate hygiene, impaired mobility, chronic illness, and physiologic changes

Infection acquired by a patient after admission to a health care facility due to the transfer of microorganisms to the patient by contaminated hands or objects or infected people.

Health care associated infection (HAI) ALSO CALLED nosocomial infection

Example of Health care associated infection?

Catheter acquired urinary tract infection

Lysozymes are ___

bactericidal

___ lines the respiratory tract trap microorganisms and debris and propel them up and out of the body with a wave like action

cilia

The ___ cells in the liver destroy bacteria that enter the portal liver circulation

Kupffer

___ work to destroy or stop invasion

phagocytes

Some phagocytes are called ___ others are concerned with immunity and they are called ___

tissue macrophages, and lymphocytic cells

If the neutrophil count is decreased on the differential WBC count, while the monocyte count and lymphocyte counts are elevated, the cause of infection is probably ___

viral

What are monocytes?

bacteria

Inflammation is a localized protective response brought on by what

injury or destruction of tissues

What are the basic purposes of the inflammatory response? (3)

#1 neutralize and destroy harmful agents #2 limit their spread to other tissues in the body #3 prepare the damaged tissues for repair

Occurs when a person is given an antitoxin or antiserum that contains antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person

Passive acquired immunity

occurs when the fetus receives antibodies from the mother through placental blood before birth

naturally acquired passive immunity

is achieved through injection of vaccines or immunizing substances that contain dead or inactive microorganisms or their toxins

artificially acquired immunity

Is provided by injection with antibodies derived from the infected blood of people or animals

artifically acquired passive immunity

How do you remove PPE, in order

remove gloves, remove eyewear, remove head cover, remove gown, remove facemask, perform hand hygiene

6 steps to clean objects

#1 rinse object with cold water #2 wash with hot soapy water #3 use a stiff bristled #4 rinse with hot water #5 dry the object #6 always disinfect

What is the chlorine bleach and water ratio?

1:10

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic

Bactericidal destroys bacteria and bacteriostatic prevents growth and reproduction of some bacteria