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Nursing > Fundamentals chapter 16 > Flashcards

Fundamentals chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agent that is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

A

Antibiotic

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2
Q

Substance capable of killing or suppressing the multiplication and growth of microorganisms

A

antimicrobial

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3
Q

Chemical compound used on skin or tissue to eliminate microorganisms

A

antiseptic

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4
Q

Destruction and/or containment of infectious agents after they leave the body of a patient with an infectious disease

A

asepsis

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5
Q

Free of microorganisms

A

aseptic

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6
Q

single celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus, which can reproduce as quickly as every few minutes, depending on conditions

A

bacteria

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7
Q

To make unclean

A

contaminate

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8
Q

Dead tissue or foreign matter

A

debris

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9
Q

Tiny, primitive organisms of the plant kingdom that contain no chlorophyll and reproduce by means of spores; present in soil, air, and water

A

fungi

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10
Q

Parasitic worms or flukes that belong to the animal kingdom

A

helminths

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11
Q

Reaction of the body to substances interpreted as non-self

A

immune response

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12
Q

Biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth

A

interferon

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13
Q

The practice of reducing the number of organisms present or reducing the risk for transmission of organisms

A

medical asepsis

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14
Q

Organism only visible with a microscope

A

microorganism

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15
Q

Any disease-producing organism

A

pathogen

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16
Q

Items such as gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear, and hair covering used to protect the health care team member from infectious organisms

A

Personal protective equipment

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17
Q

Proteinaceous particles believed to be responsible for transmissible neurodegenerative diseases

A

prions

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18
Q

One-celled microscopic organisms belonging to the animal kingdom

A

protozoa

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19
Q

Genus of small, rod-shaped to round microorganisms found in tissue cells of lice, fleas, ticks, and mites and transmitted to humans by their bites

A

Rickettsia

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20
Q

Precautions that protect both the nurse and patient from infection and are to be used for every patient contact

A

standard precautions

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21
Q

without pathologic organisms

A

sterile

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22
Q

The process of rendering an article free of microorganisms and their pathogenic products

A

Sterilization

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23
Q

The practice of preparing and handling materials in a way that prevents the patient’s exposure to living microorangisms

A

surgical asepsis

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24
Q

Extremely small particles of nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA, with a coat of protein, and in some cases a membrane envelope, that can trigger an immune reaction or damage cells in other ways

A

Viruses

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25
Q

___ are responsible for the symptoms seen in diseases such as botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and Escherichia coli infection

A

endotoxins

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26
Q

___ are abundant in our environment, and many can cause infection if not controlled

A

Microorganisms

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27
Q

Pathogens include :

A

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, rickettsia, fungi, prions, and helminths

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28
Q

What is the most effective way to destroy many kinds of microorganisms?

A

expose them to moist heat at a high temperature for 15 to 20 minutes

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29
Q

___ are used when a specific disease is known or suspected

A

Transmission-based precautions

30
Q

Body defenses against infection are :

A

intact skin, the inflammatory process, and the immune response

31
Q

The purposes of the inflammatory process are :

A

to neutralize and destroy harmful agents, limit their spread, and prepare damaged tissue for repair

32
Q

What are the five types of immunity?

A

naturally acquired, passive acquired, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired, and artificially acquired passive

33
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent the transfer of microorganisms and is performed before and after caring for each patient?

A

Hand washing

34
Q

What can kill or inactivate a pathogen?

A

sterilization or the use of antimicrobial agents

35
Q

What are the five methods of sterilization?

A

Steam/moist heat, dry heat/hot air, ethylene oxide, low temperature gas plasma, and radiation

36
Q

Nonpathogenic organisms that are prevalent on and in the body are called ___

A

normal flora

37
Q

___ prevents more harmful microorganisms from colonizing and multiplying within the body

A

normal flora

38
Q

___ needs oxygen to grow and thrive

A

Aerobic

39
Q

What are the four most common multidrug-resistant organisms?

A

1 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) #2 vancomycin-resistant Enterococus (VRE) #3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing (ESBL) pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae or E. Coli) and #4 Clostridium difficile (C. Diff)

40
Q

Another example of a drug resistant organism is

A

penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia, which causes a form of pneumonia that can be difficult to treat

41
Q

Creutzfedlt-jakob disease example

A

a human version mad cow disease

42
Q

___ do not trigger an immune response but cause degenerative neurologic disease

A

Prions

43
Q

___ causes diarrhea

A

protozoa

44
Q

___ can grow and replicate only within a living cell

A

viruses

45
Q

___ only multiple in host cells. Examples include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus

A

Rickettsia

46
Q

examples of fungi

A

yeasts and molds.. fungi feeds on living plants, animals, and decaying organic material

47
Q

What is an autoclave?

A

a strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization.

48
Q

Modes of transfer of pathogens? (5)

A

1 direct personal contact with body excretions or drainage such as from an infected wound #2 indirect contact with contaminated inanimate objects (called FOMITES), such as needles, drinking and eating utensils, dressings, and hospital equipment #3 vectors such as fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and other insects that harbor infectious agents and transmit infection to humans through bites and stings #4 droplet infection or contamination by aerosol route through sneezing and coughing and #5 spread of infection from one part of the body to another

49
Q

What is the difference between sterile and aseptic

A

aseptic is free of microorganisms while sterile is without pathologic organisms

50
Q

What are the current CDC recommendations about sneezing and coughing?

A

Sneeze or cough into the bended elbow rather than covering the mouth with the hands. This way, the spread of the respiratory droplets is prevented and hands are not contaminated

51
Q

How is Hepatitis A spread?

A

Oral-fecal route

52
Q

How can pathogens enter the body?

A

eyes, mouth, trachea, or skin

53
Q

What increases the risk of disease?

A

poor nutrition, inadequate hygiene, impaired mobility, chronic illness, and physiologic changes

54
Q

Infection acquired by a patient after admission to a health care facility due to the transfer of microorganisms to the patient by contaminated hands or objects or infected people.

A

Health care associated infection (HAI) ALSO CALLED nosocomial infection

55
Q

Example of Health care associated infection?

A

Catheter acquired urinary tract infection

56
Q

Lysozymes are ___

A

bactericidal

57
Q

___ lines the respiratory tract trap microorganisms and debris and propel them up and out of the body with a wave like action

A

cilia

58
Q

The ___ cells in the liver destroy bacteria that enter the portal liver circulation

A

Kupffer

59
Q

___ work to destroy or stop invasion

A

phagocytes

60
Q

Some phagocytes are called ___ others are concerned with immunity and they are called ___

A

tissue macrophages, and lymphocytic cells

61
Q

If the neutrophil count is decreased on the differential WBC count, while the monocyte count and lymphocyte counts are elevated, the cause of infection is probably ___

A

viral

62
Q

What are monocytes?

A

bacteria

63
Q

Inflammation is a localized protective response brought on by what

A

injury or destruction of tissues

64
Q

What are the basic purposes of the inflammatory response? (3)

A

1 neutralize and destroy harmful agents #2 limit their spread to other tissues in the body #3 prepare the damaged tissues for repair

65
Q

Occurs when a person is given an antitoxin or antiserum that contains antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person

A

Passive acquired immunity

66
Q

occurs when the fetus receives antibodies from the mother through placental blood before birth

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

67
Q

is achieved through injection of vaccines or immunizing substances that contain dead or inactive microorganisms or their toxins

A

artificially acquired immunity

68
Q

Is provided by injection with antibodies derived from the infected blood of people or animals

A

artifically acquired passive immunity

69
Q

How do you remove PPE, in order

A

remove gloves, remove eyewear, remove head cover, remove gown, remove facemask, perform hand hygiene

70
Q

6 steps to clean objects

A

1 rinse object with cold water #2 wash with hot soapy water #3 use a stiff bristled #4 rinse with hot water #5 dry the object #6 always disinfect

71
Q

What is the chlorine bleach and water ratio?

A

1:10

72
Q

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic

A

Bactericidal destroys bacteria and bacteriostatic prevents growth and reproduction of some bacteria

Nursing (80 decks)

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