Endometriosis breadth - passmed Flashcards
What is endometriosis?
Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity, affecting around 10% of women of reproductive age.
What are the clinical features of endometriosis?
Chronic pelvic pain, secondary dysmenorrhea, pain before bleeding, deep dyspareunia, subfertility, and non-gynecological symptoms like urinary issues and dyschezia. Reduced organ mobility and tender nodularity may also be observed on pelvic examination.
What is the gold-standard investigation for endometriosis?
Laparoscopy is the gold-standard investigation for diagnosing endometriosis.
What is the role of primary care in the investigation of endometriosis?
Primary care has little role in investigating endometriosis; significant symptoms should lead to referral for definitive diagnosis.
What are the first-line treatments for endometriosis according to NICE guidelines?
NSAIDs and/or paracetamol for symptomatic relief.
What hormonal treatments are used for endometriosis when analgesia is ineffective?
Hormonal treatments like the combined oral contraceptive pill or progestogens (e.g., medroxyprogesterone acetate).
When should a patient with endometriosis be referred to secondary care?
If analgesia/hormonal treatment does not improve symptoms, or if fertility is a priority.
What is the role of GnRH analogues in managing endometriosis?
GnRH analogues induce a ‘pseudomenopause’ by lowering estrogen levels, but do not significantly impact fertility rates.
What surgical options are available for endometriosis?
Laparoscopic excision or ablation of endometriosis, adhesiolysis, and ovarian cystectomy for endometriomas, especially to improve conception chances.
A 30-year-old nulliparous woman presents with severe dysmenorrhoea, heavy & irregular bleeding, pain on defecation and dyspareunia - what is diagnsosis
endometriosis
A 20-year-old G2P1 woman presents to the emergency department with mild vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. She had a positive urine pregnancy test 6 weeks ago. Ultrasound shows pelvic free fluid and no identifiable intrauterine pregnancy.
This pregnancy was conceived spontaneously. Her first child was born vaginally. Her medical history includes endometriosis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. She has never had an STI. Apart from levothyroxine, she takes no regular medications. She does not smoke but drinks alcohol regularly. Her BMI is 33 kg/m2.
What feature puts her at risk of the likely diagnosis?
Alcohol use
Endometriosis
Her BMI
Levothyroxine use
Multiparity
Endometriosis is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy
The correct answer is endometriosis. The most likely diagnosis for this patient is an ectopic pregnancy, whereby the blastocyst has been implanted in a location other than the uterine endometrial tissue. Abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding are common features in the presentation of ectopic pregnancy, and the diagnosis is confirmed by the absence of an intrauterine pregnancy on ultrasound. The presence of pelvic free fluid could indicate that her ectopic pregnancy has ruptured, and the patient should be transferred to the operating theatre for surgical management. Endometriosis is a recognised risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. The mechanism for this is not well understood but could be related to the laparoscopic procedure required for diagnosis or the presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations.
Alcohol use is incorrect because whilst alcohol use is strongly discouraged in pregnancy due to the potential effects on the developing foetus, it has no known association with ectopic pregnancy. In contrast, smoking is a known risk factor for ectopic pregnancy, especially if the patient smokes around the time of conception. This patient does not smoke and there is no other substance or medication history that would increase her risk. She should be counselled on the risks of alcohol in future pregnancies, but it is unlikely to have caused her current pregnancy complications.
Her BMI is incorrect because while having a high BMI is a risk factor for a number of pregnancy-related complications, it is not associated with ectopic pregnancy. Having a high BMI can increase a patient’s risk of early pregnancy loss, diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, post-term pregnancy, multi-foetal pregnancy, congenital anomalies, complicated labour, Caesarean delivery, and other postpartum complications. It does not increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Levothyroxine use is incorrect because this medication has no known association with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. It is compatible with pregnancy at all stages as well as breastfeeding; in fact, untreated hypothyroidism is associated with poorer outcomes for the unborn child. Thyroid function should be monitored during pregnancy to ensure adequate treatment. This patient’s ectopic pregnancy is unlikely to be related to her regular medication but is more likely associated with her history of endometriosis.
Multiparity is incorrect. This patient has previously had a completed pregnancy without significant complication, meaning that a blastocyst has been able to implant within the uterus in the past. A previous history of ectopic pregnancy is a significant risk factor for a subsequent ectopic pregnancy, which may be due to continuing underlying risks as well as the treatment required for the first one. Any procedure or inflammatory process that can affect the Fallopian tubes increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy. The fact that this woman has had a child in the past does not increase her risk.
A 30-year-old woman presents with ongoing, cyclical pain around the time of her periods. The pain starts several days before the period itself and can last until several days after. She also experiences pain during sexual intercourse, particularly with deep penetration.
Examination demonstrated tender nodularity in the posterior fornix.
The patient has already tried paracetamol and ibuprofen, but these are no longer effective.
What is the next most appropriate step?
Clomifene
Combined oral contraceptive pill
Elagolix
Laparoscopic excision
Leuprorelin
If analgesia doesn’t help endometriosis then the combined oral contraceptive pill or a progestogen should be tried
This patient has endometriosis, as evidenced by her symptoms and findings on examination. First-line treatment involves the use of simple analgesia. As this is no longer effective, the next step is to use either progestogens or the combined oral contraceptive pill. Hormonal treatments are generally effective at controlling endometriosis-related pain.
Clomifene is used to induce ovulation in a number of conditions. While endometriosis can affect fertility and clomifene may be used for this aspect, by an experienced fertility doctor, it would not be the next step in pain management.
Elagolix is a relatively new gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. It is licensed in the USA for endometriosis-related pain. It is not widely used in the UK currently and so the next most appropriate option remains the combined contraceptive pill.
Laparoscopic excision is further down the line, as surgery carries significant risks. The next step, after simple analgesia, is the use of hormonal options.
Leuprorelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Whilst effective for the control of endometriosis-related pain, it is prescribed by specialists and would not be the next step after simple analgesia.
A 32-year-old woman presents with a history of painful, regular periods. Since stopping the combined oral contraceptive pill eight-months ago her periods are more painful and heavy. She is upset because she would like to conceive but the pain is limiting intercourse. She would like to know the cause of her symptoms.
On examination, her abdomen is soft and non-tender with no masses, but a bimanual examination pelvic examination is limited due to pain.
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for this woman?
CT
Laparoscopy
MRI
Transvaginal and pelvic ultrasound
CA125
Laparoscopy is the gold-standard investigation for patients with suspected endometriosis
Laparoscopy is the gold-standard investigation for patients with suspected endometriosis. It allows direct visualisation and biopsies of the endometrial deposits.
A CT scan may be used to show endometrial deposits but they are less specific than MRI scans.
Ultrasound can be helpful to show endometriomas but a normal scan does not exclude endometriosis.
CA125 is not used to diagnose endometriosis. A raised serum CA125 may be consistent with endometriosis but a normal result does not exclude it.
Pelvic MRI scans should not be used as the primary investigation for endometriosis. They can be helpful before laparoscopy to assess the extent of deep endometriosis, but laparoscopy remains the gold-standard investigation.
Theme: Pelvic pain
A. Appendicitis
B. Ovarian torsion
C. Subacute bowel obstruction
D. Endometriosis
E. Urinary tract infection
F. Ovarian cyst
G. Chronic interstitial cystitis
H. Uterine fibroids
I. Pelvic inflammatory disease
J. Ectopic pregnancy
For each one of the following scenarios please select the most likely diagnosis:
- A 31-year-old woman complains of intermittent pain in the left iliac fossa for the past 3 months. The pain is often worse during intercourse. She also reports urinary frequency and feeling bloated. There is no dysuria or change in her menstrual bleeding
Pelvic inflammatory disease - A 23-year-old woman complains of anorexia, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. The pain was initially periumbilical but is now worse in the lower abdomen.
- A 28-year-old woman complains of a two year history of bad period pains which are not controlled by NSAIDs or the combined contraceptive pill. She also reports significant pains during intercourse.
- A 31-year-old woman complains of intermittent pain in the left iliac fossa for the past 3 months. The pain is often worse during intercourse. She also reports urinary frequency and feeling bloated. There is no dysuria or change in her menstrual bleeding
Pelvic inflammatory disease
The correct answer is: Ovarian cyst
Large ovarian cysts may lead to abdominal swelling and pressure effects on the bladder.
- A 23-year-old woman complains of anorexia, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. The pain was initially periumbilical but is now worse in the lower abdomen.
Appendicitis - A 28-year-old woman complains of a two year history of bad period pains which are not controlled by NSAIDs or the combined contraceptive pill. She also reports significant pains during intercourse.
Endometriosis
This is a characteristic history of endometriosis.
A 28-year-old woman presents with cyclical pelvic pain that is worse around her periods. The pain starts 2 days before the period and lasts until several days after. She has associated dyspareunia and has had some painful bowel movements. Paracetamol and ibuprofen previously helped, however, they no longer do.
An examination reveals generalised tenderness, a fixed and retroverted uterus and uterosacral ligament nodules. Her BMI is 29 kg/m². She would like to start a family next year but does not mind taking contraceptives if she is able to stop and conceive then.
What is the next best step in her management?
Offer combined oral contraceptive pill
Offer medroxyprogesterone acetate
Offer mefenamic acid
Refer for consideration of GnRH analogue
Refer for laparoscopic excision
If analgesia doesn’t help endometriosis then the combined oral contraceptive pill or a progestogen should be tried
Offer combined oral contraceptive pill is correct. This patient has signs and symptoms consistent with endometriosis, characterised by her chronic cyclical pelvic pain, dyspareunia, secondary dysmenorrhoea, and pain with bowel movements. The examination findings support this diagnosis and are commonly seen in people with endometriosis. The first-line option to try in endometriosis is paracetamol with or without an NSAID (usually mefenamic acid or ibuprofen). If these fail, the second-line option is hormonal therapy (e.g. the combined oral contraceptive pill, medroxyprogesterone acetate etc.). Since this patient would like to start a family within the next year, it would be more appropriate to offer the combined oral contraceptive pill, as it is not associated with a delayed return to fertility. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is also known as Depo Provera and provides contraception for up to 12 weeks, but its effects cannot be reversed once given and it is associated with a potential delayed return to fertility (up to 12 months).
Offer medroxyprogesterone acetate is incorrect. Although the combined oral contraceptive pill or a progestogen should be offered if analgesia does not help endometriosis, this patient would like to start a family within the next year, therefore it would be more appropriate to offer the combined oral contraceptive pill, as it is not associated with a delayed return to fertility. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is also known as Depo Provera and provides contraception for up to 12 weeks, but its effects cannot be reversed once given and it is associated with a potential delayed return to fertility (up to 12 months). As well as this, her BMI is 34 kg/m² and a known side effect of the injectable contraceptive is weight gain.
Offer mefenamic acid is incorrect. Analgesia has already been tried without success in this patient. Mefenamic acid is another type of NSAID and would be unlikely to work if ibuprofen is unsuccessful. If analgesia does not help in endometriosis, the combined oral contraceptive pill or a progestogen should be trialled.
Refer for consideration of GnRH analogue is incorrect. This would be considered if hormonal therapy is ineffective. It would be inappropriate to jump to a referral without trialling the combined oral contraceptive pill first.
Refer for laparoscopic excision is incorrect. This would be considered if hormonal therapy and other measures such as GnRH agonists are ineffective. It would be inappropriate to jump to a referral without trialling the combined oral contraceptive pill first, as surgery carries more risks that may not be necessary (e.g. infection and bleeding).