cervical cancer

Question 1

What percentage of cervical cancer cases occur in women under the age of 45 years?

Answer 1

Around 50% of cases of cervical cancer occur in women under the age of 45 years.

Question 2

What age group has the highest incidence rates for cervical cancer in the UK?

Answer 2

The highest incidence rates for cervical cancer in the UK are in people aged 25-29 years.

Question 3

Into what types can cervical cancer be divided?

Answer 3

Cervical cancer can be divided into squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma.

Question 4

What are the two main types of cervical cancer?

Answer 4

The two main types of cervical cancer are squamous cell cancer (80%) and adenocarcinoma (20%).

Question 5

What are common features of cervical cancer?

Answer 5

Common features of cervical cancer include abnormal vaginal bleeding (postcoital, intermenstrual, or postmenopausal bleeding) and vaginal discharge.

Question 6

How is cervical cancer often detected?

Answer 6

Cervical cancer is often detected during routine cervical cancer screening.

Question 7

What types of abnormal vaginal bleeding are associated with cervical cancer?

Answer 7

Abnormal vaginal bleeding associated with cervical cancer includes postcoital, intermenstrual, and postmenopausal bleeding.

Question 8

What is the most important factor in the development of cervical cancer?

Answer 8

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important factor in the development of cervical cancer.

Question 9

Which serotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) are particularly associated with cervical cancer?

Answer 9

HPV serotypes 16, 18, and 33 are particularly associated with cervical cancer.

Question 10

What are other risk factors for cervical cancer?

Answer 10

Other risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), early first intercourse, many sexual partners, high parity, lower socioeconomic status, and the combined oral contraceptive pill.

Question 11

How does smoking relate to the risk of cervical cancer?

Answer 11

Smoking is a risk factor for cervical cancer.

Question 12

How does human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relate to the risk of cervical cancer?

Answer 12

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for cervical cancer.

Question 13

How do early first intercourse and many sexual partners relate to the risk of cervical cancer?

Answer 13

Early first intercourse and many sexual partners are risk factors for cervical cancer.

Question 14

How does high parity relate to the risk of cervical cancer?

Answer 14

High parity is a risk factor for cervical cancer.

Question 15

How does lower socioeconomic status relate to the risk of cervical cancer?

Answer 15

Lower socioeconomic status is a risk factor for cervical cancer.

Question 16

How does the combined oral contraceptive pill relate to the risk of cervical cancer?

Answer 16

The combined oral contraceptive pill is a risk factor for cervical cancer, though the strength of this association is sometimes debated.

Question 17

What oncogenes are produced by HPV 16 & 18?

Answer 17

HPV 16 produces the E6 oncogene, and HPV 18 produces the E7 oncogene.

Question 18

What is the role of the E6 oncogene in the development of cervical cancer?

Answer 18

The E6 oncogene inhibits the p53 tumour suppressor gene.

Question 19

What is the role of the E7 oncogene in the development of cervical cancer?

Answer 19

The E7 oncogene inhibits the RB suppressor gene.