CNS Development Flashcards
When should the neural tube close in utero?
Between the 3rd and 4th week in development
How are neural tube defects prevented?
Folic acid 400mcg or 5 mg per day from 3 months pre-conception until 13/40.
What are the risk factors for neural tube defects?
Family history and antiepileptic drugs
What is the umbrella term for an incomplete vertebral arch?
Spina bifida
What is the most common type of neural tube defect?
Myelomeningocele (90%)
What is a myelomeningocele?
Neural tube defect, meninges and spinal tissue herniate through a bony defect in the vertebrae.
What is a meningocele?
Neural tube defect, only the meninges herniate through a defect in the spine or skull.
What is an encephalocele?
Neural tube defect, herniation of brain tissue through a skull defect (posterior and anterior).
What is an anencephaly?
Neural tube defect, failure of development of part of skull and brain, incompatible with life.
What is spina bifida occulta?
Incomplete vertebral arch covered by skin and tuft of hair.
What is this a presentation of?
Weakness/total paralysis of lower limb, talipes, constipation/diarrhoea, bladder control problems, hydrocephalus.
Myelomeningocele
How is a neural tube defect diagnosed?
Clinical appearance and foetal USS +/- MRI
What is the management of a neural tube defect?
- Surgical correction
2. At birth, cover with sterile dressing and nurse in prone position.
What is this describing?
Excessive accumulation of CSF in the cerebral ventricles.
Hydrocephalus
What are the two type of hydrocephalus and what is the difference between them?
- Communicating - excessive production/reduced absorption
2. Non-communicating - obstruction of outflow from ventricles
