3.3.1 Electrolytes and Blood gases (Regulatory factos, Functions, and Instrumentation) Flashcards
Stimulates WATER ABSORPTION, primarily in the collecting duct of the renal tubules
a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Arginine Vasopressin peptide
c. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
d. RAAS
a and b
Released from the myocardial atria in
response to volume expansion, and promotes _________________
a. Antidiuretic hormone, Sodium secretion
b. Arginine Vasopressin peptide Sodium excretion
c. Atrial Natriuretic peptide, Sodium excretion
d. RAAS, Sodium secretion
c
In RAAS:
Angiotensinogen —(_____)–> Angiotensin I —(_____)—>
Angiotensin II
a. Renin, ACE
b. ACE Renin
a
Immediate effects of Angiotensin II:
The immediate effect of Angiotensin __ is _________ of ________ arterioles and __________ of __________ arterioles
II
Vasodilation, afferent
vasoconstriction, efferent
Immediate effects of Angiotensin II:
Promotes immediate _______ reabsorption at the level of the _______ convoluted tubules
a. Potassium, Distal
b. Sodium, Distal
c. Potassium, Proximal
d. Sodium, Proximal
d
If the sodium reabsorption in the PCT is not enough, more sodium needs to be reabsorbed in order to bring back the sodium level to normal
T or F
T
In order for more sodium to be reabsorbed and to allow further reabsorption at the level of the DCT, sodium reabsorption is not automatic and _________ is needed
Aldosterone
Immediate effects of Angiotensin II:
Stimulates Aldosterone excretion
T or F
F
Secretion
When aldosterone is secreted, increase sodium reabsorption at the level of the PCT
T or F
F
DCT
Since aldosterone increase sodium reabsorption, to compensate this, _______ is excreted
Potassium
Counter hormone for aldosterone since it excretes Sodium due to volume expansion
Atria Natriuretic peptide
A system that regulates a lot of actions and processes related to water and electrolyte balance, primarily, electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Arginine Vasopressin peptide
c. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
d. RAAS
d
When Blood pressure of plasma SODIUM is decrease, this stimulates what organ to secrete Renin?
Kidney
This renin converts ____________ to _____________
Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is an inactive form therefore, it must be be activated by __________ that is produced by the ________
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, lungs
ACE converts Angiotensin I to ?
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin increases Blood pressure and Plasma sodium content
T or F
T
Function:
Volume and osmotic regulation
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
abc
Function:
Myocardial rhythm and contractility and neuromuscular excitability
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
b,d,e
Function:
Cofactors in enzyme activation
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
c,d,e,f
Function:
Regulation of ATPase-ion pumps
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
d
Function:
Blood coagulation
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
d,e
Function:
Production and use of ATP from glucose
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
d,g
Function:
Maintenance of acid-base balance
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate
b,c,h
Measurement of light emitted by atoms following excitation by heat energy
a. Flame photometry
b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
c. Potentiometry
d. Coulometry
a
Measurement of the amount of light absorbed by ground state
atoms
a. Flame photometry
b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
c. Potentiometry
d. Coulometry
b
Gold standard or reference method for DIVALENT IONS
a. Flame photometry
b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
c. Potentiometry
d. Coulometry
b
Measurement of the amount of electricity in coulombs at a fixed potential
a. Flame photometry
b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
c. Potentiometry
d. Coulometry
d
Electrochemical technique or Electroanalytical techniques
a. Flame photometry
b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
c. Potentiometry
d. Coulometry
c and d
Measurement of electrical potential (voltage) due to the activity of free ions
a. Flame photometry
b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
c. Potentiometry
d. Coulometry
c
What is the internal standard for Flame photometry?
a. Lithium
b. Cesium
c. Vertiasium
d. Rubdinum
a and b
In Flame photometry Internal standard:
it is the standard for sodium and potassium
Lithium
In Flame photometry Internal standard:
Use for Lithium assays
Cesium
Also known as Severinghaus electrode
a. pH electrode
b. pCO2 electrode
c. Ion-selective electrode
b
H+ sensitive glass electrode
a. pH electrode
b. pCO2 electrode
c. Ion-selective electrode
a
In pH electrode:
H+ -sensitive glass electrode containing _______ wire in the electrolyte of known pH and reference electrode (Hg/Hg2 Cl2)
a. Au/AuCl
b. Ag/AgCl
c. Fu/FuCl
d. Fe/FeCl
b
pH electrode covered with membrane permeable to CO2 , with bicarbonate buffer between membrane and electrode
a. pH electrode
b. pCO2 electrode
c. Ion-selective electrode
b
Used to measure sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium
a. pH electrode
b. pCO2 electrode
c. Ion-selective electrode
c
In Coulometry:
used in serum and sweat chloride analysis
a. Coulove chloridometer
b. Cotlove chloridometer
c. Catlove chloridometer
d. doglove chloridometer
b
In Coulometry/Cotlove chloridometer:
The endpoint is INCREASE in conductivity measured by _____________
T or F (INCREASE or DECREASE)
a. amperometry
b. amphirometry
c. Voltametry
d. Currenometry
T
a
measurement of the current flow produced by an OXIDATION-REDUCTION reaction at a fixed applied potential to the electrodes
a. Amperometry
b. Polarography
c. Anodic stripping voltammetry
a
In amperometry:
pCO2 electrode is also known as Clark electrode
T or F
F
pO2
Difference of pO2 and pCO2?
pO2 (Clark electrode)
pCO2 (Severinghaus
electrode)
Potentiometry
a. pO2 (Clark electrode)
b. pCO2 (Severinghaus
electrode)
b
Amperometry
a. pO2 (Clark electrode)
b. pCO2 (Severinghaus
electrode)
a
Measurement of current produced at gradually increasing voltage applied between two electrodes in contact with a solution containing the analyte
a. Amperometry
b. Polarography
c. Anodic stripping voltammetry
b
Measurement of current flow as a metal is stripped off the anode of a
polarographic cell
a. Amperometry
b. Polarography
c. Anodic stripping voltammetry
c
Used for Lead and Iron testing
a. Amperometry
b. Polarography
c. Anodic stripping voltammetry
c
