2.1.2 Carbohydrates Disorders Flashcards by Miguel Acosta

Hypoglycemic Disorders

Post-absorptive is also known as ?

Fasting

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Post-absorptive occurs:

a. Before 10hrs with food
b. Before 10 hrs without food
c. After 10 hrs without Food
d. After 10 hrs with food

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Insulinoma is most noted in Post-absorptive

T or F

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Post prandial occurs 4 hrs after a meal

T or F

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Neurogenic:

a. Predominate in reactive Hypoglycemia
b. Predominate in fasting hypoglycemia

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Neuroglycopenic:

a. Predominate in reactive Hypoglycemia
b. Predominate in fasting hypoglycemia

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Neurogenic is associated with AUTONOMiC nervous system such as:

Palpiation
Anxiety
diaphoresis
hunger
dizziness

Which of the following does not belong?

Dizzinss

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What is the Panic value for HYPOglycemia?

< 40 mg/dl

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What are the Whipple’s triad (ALL TYPES)?

Symptoms of hypoglycemia
< or equal to 50 mg/dl
Relief of Sx when corrected

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Insulinoma is the most common diagnosis for Post-absorptive hypoglycemia

T or F

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Important criteria for insulinoma is:

Change in glucose more than or equal to _______ mg/dl

NOTE:
Degree of change:

75 -> 50 = 25mg/dl

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Insulinoma:

______ insulin level
______ Proinsulin level
______ C-peptide level
______ Beta HA level

Increase
Increase
Increase
Decrease

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Exogenous insulinoma came from _________ source which increases insulin

Endogenous insulinoma comes from PROINSULIN that is cleave which fragments into _________ and ______

External source

C-peptide and Insulin

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Beta HA is the most abundant ________ body (78%) which serves as the Primary marker for Type I DM (Hyperglycemia)

Ketone

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Diabetes mellitus is known to be hypoglycemia

T or F

Hyperglycemia

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Autoimmune o IDIOPATHIC beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types

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Insulin resistance with PROGRESSIVE insulin deficiency

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types

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Gestational DM is a glucose intolerance during pregnancy that disappears POST-partum but may convert to _________ DM in 30-40% of cases within __ years

Type 2

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NIDDM is now called Type 2 DM

T or F

The term is not used

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Due to metabolic and hormonal changes

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types

Frequency: <10%

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

Frequency: <90%

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

Females are more frequent in Type 2 DM than males

T or F

Onset: Adulthood

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

Onset: Childhood / Juvenile a. Type 1 DM b. Type 2 DM

Risk factors: Autoimmune, Genetic predisposition a. Type 1 DM b. Type 2 DM

Autoantibodies for Insulin a. IAA b. ICA

Autoantibodies for Islet cell ab a. IAA b. ICA

What is the HLA alleles that is associated with the development of Type 1 DM? a. HLA - DR3/DR4 b. HLA - DR1/DR2 c. HLA - DR2/DR3 d. HLA - DR4/DR5

Risk factors: - Genetic: Family history, Race - History of Coronary vascular disease a. Type 1 b. Type 2

Risk factors: - Condition associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE a. Type 1 b. Type 2

Risk factors: - Obesity or overweight - Habitually inactive, hypertension - dyslipidemia a. Type 1 b. Type 2

Insulin resistance associated includes: - PCOS - GDM or delivering a baby - Pre-DM T or F

In type 2 DM, the overweight tendencies (BMI:_____________) a. > or equal to 25 kg/m^2 b. >25 kg/m c. >25 kg/m^3 d. < or equal to 25 kg/m^2

In type 2 DM, the hypertension is (BP:_____________) a. >140/90 b. >120/50 c. >130/80 d. >60/20

In type 2 DM, the dyslipidemia (HDL:_____________) a. < or equal to 25 mg/dl b. < or equal to 35 mg/dl c. < or equal to 15 mg/dl d. < or equal to 45 mg/dl

In type 2 DM, the dyslipidemia (TG:_____________) a. > or equal to 250 mg/dl b. > or equal to 350 mg/dl c. > or equal to 150 mg/dl d. > or equal to 450 mg/dl

Therapy: Insulin injection a. Type 1 b. Type 2

Therapy: Lifestyle changes, Oral hypoglycemic agents (May require insulin) a. Type 1 b. Type 2

b MAY REQUIRE INSULINE due to PROGRESSIVE decrease in insulin

Acute complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis which increases? a. Insulin level b. Proinsulin level c. C - peptide level d. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate levels (bHA)

Acute complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis a. Type 1 b. Type 2

Acute complication: Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar non-ketoic coma (HHNC) What is the plasma glucose level? a. >1000 mg/dl b. >500 mg/dl c. >250 mg/dl d. >1500 mg/dl

What is the panic value of HHNC or Hyperglycemia? a. >1000 mg/dl b. >500 mg/dl c. >250 mg/dl d. >1500 mg/dl

Lab findings: ________ plasma and urine glucose, serum osmolality; urine specific gravity

Increased

Lab findings: ________ Blood and urine pH

Decrease Similar to Bacte, from alkaline to Acid (Violet to Yellow)

Symptoms of DM: What are the 3 Ps

Polyuria - urination Polydipsia - Thirst Polyphagia - Hunger

Long term complications of DM: Nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy a. Microvascular compilation b. Macrovascular complication

Earliest indicator for nephropathy in DM? a. Microalbuminuria b. Macroalbuminuria c. Glucose level d. GFR

Long term complications of DM: CAD (Coronary artery Disease, Heart attack), CVA (Cerebrovascular accident, Stroke) a. Microvascular compilation b. Macrovascular complication