2.1.2 Carbohydrates Disorders Flashcards
Hypoglycemic Disorders
Post-absorptive is also known as ?
Fasting
Post-absorptive occurs:
a. Before 10hrs with food
b. Before 10 hrs without food
c. After 10 hrs without Food
d. After 10 hrs with food
c
Insulinoma is most noted in Post-absorptive
T or F
T
Post prandial occurs 4 hrs after a meal
T or F
T
Neurogenic:
a. Predominate in reactive Hypoglycemia
b. Predominate in fasting hypoglycemia
a
Neuroglycopenic:
a. Predominate in reactive Hypoglycemia
b. Predominate in fasting hypoglycemia
b
Neurogenic is associated with AUTONOMiC nervous system such as:
- Palpiation
- Anxiety
- diaphoresis
- hunger
- dizziness
Which of the following does not belong?
Dizzinss
What is the Panic value for HYPOglycemia?
< 40 mg/dl
What are the Whipple’s triad (ALL TYPES)?
- Symptoms of hypoglycemia
- < or equal to 50 mg/dl
- Relief of Sx when corrected
Insulinoma is the most common diagnosis for Post-absorptive hypoglycemia
T or F
T
Important criteria for insulinoma is:
Change in glucose more than or equal to _______ mg/dl
25
NOTE:
Degree of change:
75 -> 50 = 25mg/dl
Insulinoma:
______ insulin level
______ Proinsulin level
______ C-peptide level
______ Beta HA level
Increase
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Exogenous insulinoma came from _________ source which increases insulin
Endogenous insulinoma comes from PROINSULIN that is cleave which fragments into _________ and ______
External source
C-peptide and Insulin
Beta HA is the most abundant ________ body (78%) which serves as the Primary marker for Type I DM (Hyperglycemia)
Ketone
Diabetes mellitus is known to be hypoglycemia
T or F
F
Hyperglycemia
Autoimmune o IDIOPATHIC beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types
a
Insulin resistance with PROGRESSIVE insulin deficiency
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types
b
Gestational DM is a glucose intolerance during pregnancy that disappears POST-partum but may convert to _________ DM in 30-40% of cases within __ years
Type 2
10
NIDDM is now called Type 2 DM
T or F
F
The term is not used
Due to metabolic and hormonal changes
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types
c
Frequency: <10%
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
a
Frequency: <90%
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
b
Females are more frequent in Type 2 DM than males
T or F
T
Onset: Adulthood
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
b
Onset: Childhood / Juvenile
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
a
Risk factors: Autoimmune, Genetic predisposition
a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
a
Autoantibodies for Insulin
a. IAA
b. ICA
a
Autoantibodies for Islet cell ab
a. IAA
b. ICA
b
What is the HLA alleles that is associated with the development of Type 1 DM?
a. HLA - DR3/DR4
b. HLA - DR1/DR2
c. HLA - DR2/DR3
d. HLA - DR4/DR5
a
Risk factors:
- Genetic: Family history, Race
- History of Coronary vascular disease
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
b
Risk factors:
- Condition associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
b
Risk factors:
- Obesity or overweight
- Habitually inactive, hypertension
- dyslipidemia
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
b
Insulin resistance associated includes:
- PCOS
- GDM or delivering a baby
- Pre-DM
T or F
T
In type 2 DM, the overweight tendencies (BMI:_____________)
a. > or equal to 25 kg/m^2
b. >25 kg/m
c. >25 kg/m^3
d. < or equal to 25 kg/m^2
a
In type 2 DM, the hypertension is (BP:_____________)
a. >140/90
b. >120/50
c. >130/80
d. >60/20
a
In type 2 DM, the dyslipidemia (HDL:_____________)
a. < or equal to 25 mg/dl
b. < or equal to 35 mg/dl
c. < or equal to 15 mg/dl
d. < or equal to 45 mg/dl
b
In type 2 DM, the dyslipidemia (TG:_____________)
a. > or equal to 250 mg/dl
b. > or equal to 350 mg/dl
c. > or equal to 150 mg/dl
d. > or equal to 450 mg/dl
a
Therapy: Insulin injection
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
a
Therapy: Lifestyle changes, Oral hypoglycemic agents (May require insulin)
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
b
MAY REQUIRE INSULINE due to PROGRESSIVE decrease in insulin
Acute complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis which increases?
a. Insulin level
b. Proinsulin level
c. C - peptide level
d. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate levels (bHA)
d
Acute complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
a
Acute complication: Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar non-ketoic coma (HHNC)
What is the plasma glucose level?
a. >1000 mg/dl
b. >500 mg/dl
c. >250 mg/dl
d. >1500 mg/dl
a
What is the panic value of HHNC or Hyperglycemia?
a. >1000 mg/dl
b. >500 mg/dl
c. >250 mg/dl
d. >1500 mg/dl
b
Lab findings:
________ plasma and urine glucose, serum osmolality; urine specific gravity
Increased
Lab findings:
________ Blood and urine pH
Decrease
Similar to Bacte, from alkaline to Acid (Violet to Yellow)
Symptoms of DM: What are the 3 Ps
Polyuria - urination
Polydipsia - Thirst
Polyphagia - Hunger
Long term complications of DM:
Nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy
a. Microvascular compilation
b. Macrovascular complication
a
Earliest indicator for nephropathy in DM?
a. Microalbuminuria
b. Macroalbuminuria
c. Glucose level
d. GFR
a
Long term complications of DM:
CAD (Coronary artery Disease, Heart attack), CVA (Cerebrovascular accident, Stroke)
a. Microvascular compilation
b. Macrovascular complication
b
