U7 L2 England: Fires Of Continuation Flashcards
Before the Industrial Revolution, how did people (craftsmen) work?
- set own hours
- used own tools
- food grown in family garden
- independent and self-sufficient
- work at pace best suited for them
- ran business at home or nearby workshop
Where were factories initially located?
near water bodies to run machines
What is capital?
amount of property/money available for use in business
What is a capitalist?
- person who has a capital invested in a business
- engages in free enterprise
What is a stockholder?
- someone who purchased stock (aka shareholder)
- part owners of business
- lost when company lost
- receives percentage of business profits
Because setting up a factory and business required a lot of money, what did several businesses combine to gather?
capital
What is the aristocracy?
small privileged class of nobility, the wealthy
Who did financial support come from?
merchants who were wealthy through trading during previous years
What citizen class were most merchants from?
middle-class
Who did the upper class consist of?
nobility and aristocracy
How did the upper class make their fortune?
owning land (bc they were like ‘ugh dirty work and factories, how utterly mundane, but then they saw the middle-class pulling in the stacks and they were like o-0)
What were the two groups people that were categorized into in Factories?
- directing work
- performing tasks
What was the difference between the salaries of those who administered work and did the work in factories?
A- monthly/yearly salary
D- daily/weekly wages
Who were among the original factor workers?
-Beggars
-street people
-women
-children
(soon joined by skilled workers)
What were the positive advantages of factories?
- jobs for unemployed
- self employed were provided steady paychecks
- economic conditions improved
- increased productivity
What were the negative disadvantages of factories?
- works did the work, administers reaped the benefits
- poor working conditions
- artisans and farmers put out of jobs and skills seemed useless
For the capitalists, were the poor conditions in factories were of little interest to them?
yes
The factory worker bore the brunt of the factory system through the stifling of his what?
- creativity
- dignity
- self-worth
Who built the first known steam engine? When and where?
- 120 BC, Hero
- Alexandria Egypt
Who were given real credit for the invention of the steam engine?
English
In 1698, what did Thomas Savery invent? What was it used for?
- first practical steam engine
- pump/drain water from mines
In 1712, what did Thomas Newcomen improve?
Thomas Savery’s steam engine
The steam engine did not become popular until what?
James Watt patented advanced steam engine in 1769
Why was James Watt’s steam engine unique?
could drive other machines
What did the steam engine influence?
- machinery
- transportation (steamships, railroads)
How did steam engines impact transportation (in general)?
- safer
- more comfortable
- faster
- cheaper
What did John McAdam construct?
improved road
How was John McAdam’s road constructed?
- raised arch shape so water will flow out of road
- large stones for foundation
- covered with smaller stone layers
- top layer even smaller stones held together with mud
- smoothed with roller
Are modern roads today made the same as John McAdam’s road, excluding mud?
yes
How did the steam engine impact water travel?
- steamship
- not relying on wind
- quicker distribution
What did Robert Fulton invent? What did it influence and what was its impact?
- steamship, Clermont
- transatlantic travel by steamship
- faster distribution and at cheaper price
In 1814, what did George Stephenson invent? How did it work?
- steam locomotive
- powered by coal to produce steam
In 1830, after perfecting the steam engine, what did George Stephenson create? What did it do? And how fast was it?
- steam locomotive, the Rocket
- pulled railroad cars from Liverpool to Manchester
- 29 mph
The steam engine allowed tunnels to be dug where?
through mountains, saving time and money
