U6 L7 French Revolution: New Leadership Flashcards
Who was the commander that led the National Convention and defeated Austrian and Prussian forces?
General Charles Francois Dumouriez
When was Louis XVI beheaded?
January 21, 1793
What was the greatest danger of the National Convention declaring to liberate all of Europe from the Old Regime?
they aimed to achieve their goal by force
Who joined Austria and Prussia in a coalition against the French?
- England
- Spain
- Holland
Were Frenchmen opposed to spreading their ideas through force?
yes
What did Dumouriez do in terms of France declaring to liberate all of Europe through force?
followed Lafayette’s example, gave up command of his army and joined the opposition
What does conscription mean?
compulsory enrollment of men for military service
Who was the Organizer of Victory?
Lazare Nicolas Carnot
Who was Danton’s group?
Jacobin CLub
What led to the Reign of Terror?
- National Convention setting up Committee of Public Safety
- ruled country with dictatorial power
How many people were executed under the Committee of Public Safety for ‘crimes’ against the government?
18,000
During the Reign of Terror who did Robespierre execute?
Danton
When was Robespierre executed during the Reign of Terror?
1794
During the Reign of Terror, what right was not included in Freedom of Speech?
criticize the government
What marked the end of the Reign of Terror?
Robespierre’s execution
Did the Jacobin Club eventually fight among themselves during the Reign of Terror?
yes
What is a coalition?
alliance of nations for a common purpose
When was the European coalition (England, Spain, Holland, Austria, Prussia) driven off?
1795
After the Reign of Terror, the National Convention wanted a more stable govt controlled by who?
conservative middle class
What are the helpful reforms that the National Convention passed?
- French laws organized into code
- national system of public education set up
- slavery abolished
- metric system of weights and measurements adopted
Where the helpful reforms from the National Convention put into full effect? Why?
- no
- collapse of revolution
Who led the uprising in Paris, 1795?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What did the new constitution in 1795 state?
- restricted voting to property owners (mostly middle class)
- new executive govt branch called Directory
What was the Directory?
- executive govt branch
- committee of 5 men, called Directors
- legislature appointed Directors
How long did the Directory rule France? What is the reason for it’s length?
- 1795 to 1799
- weak leadership
- unable to give France stable govt and peace
- argued among themselves
Who opposed the Directory?
Jacobin Club and monarchy
Did the French army have great leadership compared to the Directory?
yes
When was Napoleon Bonaparte born? And where? And to which parents?
1769, Corsica island, Italian parents
Napoleon moved to France to attend what kind of school? What did he graduate as?
military school, artillery officer
What victories did Napoleon lead France against?
Austrians and Sardiniaans
At what age was Napoleon a general?
26
Who is argued to have been the greatest military leader of history?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Fearing Napoleon’s popularity, what did the Directory persuade him to do?
sail with an army to Egypt to disrupt England’s trade
Did Napoleon win or lose in Syria?
lose
When did Napoleon first take over the French government?
Nov 9, 1799
When was France’s second constitution made?
Reign of Terror
Napoleon’s coup d’etat gave the French their fourth constitution in how many years?
10
What was the French government called after Napoleon’s coup d’etat?
Consulate
During Napoleon’s coup d’etat, how many consuls was the executive government made up of? How long were they appointed for?
3 consuls, 10 years
During Napoleon’s coup d’etat, who held true power of the Consulate?
First Consul
What did Napoleon appoint himself as after taking over the French govt?
First Consul
During Napoleon’s coup d’etat, what role did the legislature have?
- little power
- composed of several assemblies
- only puppets in the hands of First Consul
How did Napoleon modify some of the French Revolution ideas?
- he stressed equality, but explained liberty mean freedom of opportunity
- taught people should obey their leader, who in turn should govern for people’s good
Did the Declaration of the Rights of Man, feudal system abolition, and peasants keeping their land remain during Napoleon’s reign?
yes
All that Napoleon proposed and provided, the French generally agreed to, as long as ()
peace and security came along with it
French history illustrates that without law as political foundation, a society is compelled to what?
using violence to being human freedom
Napoleon’s coup d’etat on 1799 gave him what position in France?
dictator
Between which years did Napoleon rule France, what was this period called?
- 1799-1814
- Napoleonic Era of Europe
What is nationalism?
devotion to own country and its interests
When and where did Napoleon defeat Austrians?
1800 in Northern Italy
When did the Austrians sign a peace treaty which ended their war with France?
1801
When did the British drive the French out of Egypt and agree to do?
1801, negotiate a truce
When was a French-English peace agreement signed?
1802
What was the Code Napoleon/Napoleonic Code?
- French legal scholars appointed to review France’s laws
- they organized, arranges and eliminated laws
- admired throughout the world
What did Napoleon form to establish a central financial institution?
Bank of France
What is the Bank of France?
- Privately run
- strongest financial institutions in the world
What did Napoleon declare France and himself in 1804?
Empire and Emperor Napoleon I
Who crowned Napoleon as Emperor and where?
pope in Notre Dame Cathedral
What was the Battle of Cape Trafalgar? When did it happen?
- 1805
- caused Napoleon to try to block England from trading with other Euro nations
What empire did Napoleon abolish?
Holy Roman Empire
To commemorate Napoleon’s victories, what did France build? And when?
Arc de Triomphe or Triumphal Arch, 1806
When was construction for the Arc de Triomphe/Triumphal Arch finished?
1836, fifteen years after Napoleon’s death
What is on the Arc de Triomphe/Triumphal Arch?
sculptures with Napoleon’s military campaigns
When establishing the French blockade of Europe, who did Napoleon dismiss? why?
his brother Louis, king of Holland, he failed to enforce blockade
In 1808, Spain revolted against which of Napoleon’s brothers? What happened?
- Joseph king of Spain
- British and Portuguese help
- captured Madrid in 1812
- drew up own constitution
Napoleon’s down fall cam when he decided to invade which country?
Russia
Who, in Russia, disregarded French Blockade and encouraged trade with England?
Czar Alexander I
During Napoleon’s war with Russia, what did the French army include?
- Germans
- Italians
- Dutch
- other Europeans
What were the two choices Napoleon had after capturing Moscow? Which one did he chose?
-continue chasing Russians, stay in Moscow for bitter winter
|»_space;>-return to Western Europe
By the time Napoleon returned to Germany in December, during the Russian war, how much men were lost?
two thirds
What was the battle of the Nations? Where and when was it fought?
- Napoleon against combined troops of Austrians, Russians, British, and Swedish
- Leipzig, Germany
- Napoleon defeated
After the battle of Nations where was Napoleon sent to?
Elba island, western coast of Italy
After Napoleon’s defeat, France’s borders returned to what they were in which year?
1792
After Napoleon’s defeat, who restored the monarchy?
Louis XVIII, brother of king executed by National Convention
When Napoleon was defeated, was absolutism restored?
no
When did Napoleon return?
March 1, 1815
In which battle did Prussia, Great Britain, and Holland conquer Napoleons forces when he returned?
Waterloo, Belgium, June 1815
After his second defeat, where was he banished to?
South Atlantic Island of St. Helena, 5000 miles from Europe
When and at what age did Napoleon die?
1821, age 52
What was Napoleon’s short return to power called?
The Hundred Days
What was the battle which ended Napoleon’s final reign?
The Hundred Days War
How long did ‘The Hundred Days War’ battle last?
three days
