Nucleus Pt. II

Question 1

What’s the difference between an GTP-ase and an Exchange Factor

Answer 1

Ase— suffix means it hydrolyzes and GTP to GDP or ATP to ADP

Exchange Factor — Not a hydrolysis reaction but an exchange — it switches them out.

Question 2

Quickly draw an image with all the following features:

Cytosol

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleus

Chromatin

Nuclear Pore

Nuclear Lamina

Answer 2

Question 3

What is Chromatin?

Size and number of folds of DNA?

Answer 3

Question 4

Definition of Chromatin

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the histone Proteins?

Answer 5

Question 6

Features of DNA

Answer 6

Question 7

Chromatin Fiber

Answer 7

Derived from an extended array of nucleosomes

Question 8

Chromatin Higher Order Structure

Answer 8

Question 9

Chromatin

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Euchromatin Vs. Heterochromatin

Answer 11

Question 12

Reading the Histone Code

Answer 12

Question 13

Epigenetics

Answer 13

Question 14

Genetics vs. Epigenetics

Answer 14

Genetics — DNA Sequence

Epigenetic’s — Histone Modifications — Actually be inherited — Tells you what histones to acetylate/Methylate and therefore what genes to activate and deactivate.

Question 15

Function and Overview of the Cell Cycle

Answer 15

Question 16

Steps in the Mitotic Cell Cycle

Answer 16

Question 17

Cell Cycle Check Points

Answer 17

Question 18

Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression

Answer 18

Question 19

Cyclin/CDK Regulation

Answer 19

Question 20

G1 - S Transition Regulation

Answer 20

Without RB you lose G1 to S checkpoint so it goes from G1 to S freely and a lot of genetic mistakes/mutations can occur.

Lose RB means you lose the suppression of tumor formation.

If you have a mutation of NES means too much Cyclin D in the nucleus then phosphorylates proteins too early in G1 and sometimes in s-phase and drives the cycle forward prematurely.

Question 21

CDK/Cyclin regulation of S-Phase

Answer 21

Question 22

Cyclin/CDK regulation of G2 to M to G1

Answer 22

Mitotic CDK/Cyclin — Cyclin B

Cyclin B levels rise then complexes with CDK

CDK phosphorylates 100’s of proteins.

Lamina Proteins depolymerize

Question 23

Interphase

Answer 23

Question 24

Prophase

Answer 24

Question 25

Metaphase

Answer 25

Question 26

Anaphase

Answer 26

Question 27

Telophase

Answer 27

Question 28

Completion of Cytokinesis

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Answer 30

Interphase Cont.

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

Prophase Cont.

Question 33

Answer 33

Prophase Cont.

Question 34

Answer 34

Question 35

Answer 35

Question 36

Answer 36

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis

Answer 38

Meiosis has two cell divisions not just one. Because homologous choromosomes in meiosis they line up on the same equatorial plane they undergo homologous recombination.

Question 39

What is a Karyotype

Answer 39

Question 40

Steps for creating a Karyotype

Answer 40

Question 41

Normal vs. Altered Karyotype

Answer 41

Question 42

Identifying Chromosomes

Answer 42

Question 43

What can you infer from this image?

Answer 43

Question 44

What is FISH?

Answer 44

Question 45

How does FISH Work?

Answer 45

Question 46

Chromosome Painting/Spectral Karyotyping

Answer 46

Question 47

What are we Looking for in Chromosome Painting

Answer 47

Looking for loss or scrambling of chromosomes.

Very common in certain types of cancer to have scrambled karyotypes.

Question 48

What disease is associated with this Karyotype?

Answer 48