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Fundamentals of Molecular Medicine > Fatty Acids > Flashcards

Fatty Acids Flashcards

1
Q
A

Figure this out by the end of the lecture

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2
Q

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

A
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3
Q

Why is fatty acid storage more compact and a better energy storage than glycogen?

Smaller molecule

Larger molecule

Hydrophobic Effect

Ionic effect

A

Hydrophobic Effect

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4
Q

What are Fatty Acids?

A
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5
Q

Palmitate

A
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6
Q

Palmitolate

A
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7
Q

Stearate

A
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8
Q

Oleate

A
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9
Q

Linoleate

A
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10
Q

Linolenate

A
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11
Q

Arachadonic Acid

A
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12
Q

Biological Functions of Fatty Acids

A
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13
Q

Triacylglycerol

A
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14
Q

Membrane Structures

A
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15
Q

Release of FA from Adipose and the Enzymes involved.

A
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16
Q

Triglyceride Degredation

A
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17
Q

When fatty acids are released from the fat cell they are carried by serum albumin?

They are specific receptors for serum albumin on tissues, but not for fatty acids

The fatty acids would precipitate in serum unless bound to albumin

The fatty acids would bind to membrane components and not travel to target tissues

the fatty acids can only enter the nerves system if bound to albumin

A

The fatty acids would precipitate in serum unless bound to albumin

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18
Q

How long must a chain be to be soluble?

A

Once you get larger than 8 carbon fatty acids it starts to precipitate

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19
Q

What Carries FA in the Blood? and Why?

A

Albumin is the most abundant protein in your blood stream.

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20
Q

What other protein is activated by PKA

Liver phosphorylase (activated by phosphorylase kinase)

Muscle Phosphorylase

Protein phosphatase 1

Protein Inhibitor 1

glycogen synthase (Inhibited by PKA)

A

Protein Inhibitor 1

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21
Q

What Happens to the Glycerol Produced?

A
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22
Q

G3PDH is also needed for what pathway?

Glycolysis

Glucogneogeneiss

An electron shunt pathway

Glycogen Degredation

Glycogen synthesis

A

An electron shunt pathway

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23
Q

How many high-energy phosphate bonds are required to convert two molecules of glycerol to one molecule of glucose in the liver?

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

A

2

Lactate requires 6 Atps to get to Glucose but glycerol only needs 2. But there’s much more Lactate than Glycerol.

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24
Q

What Happens to the Fatty Acids?

A
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25
Q

Feeding Experiments

A
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26
Q

Beta Oxidation

A
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27
Q

Similarities to TCA Cycle

A
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28
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation Reactions

A
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29
Q

Big Picture of Fatty Acid Oxidation

A
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30
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation

A
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31
Q

Overview of Fatty Acid Oxidation

A
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32
Q

Fatty Acid Transport into the Mitochondria

A
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33
Q

Acetyl CoA vs. Acyl CoA

A

Acetyl CoA — this specifies that the CoA is directly linked to the Acetyl group.

Acyl CoA— Hydrocarbon chain linked to CoA

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34
Q

What would you expect to happen in fan individual had a CPT II deficiency?

Fasting Hyperglycemia

Fasting Hypoglycemia

Reduced glycolytic rate

No effect on metabolism

A

Fasting Hypoglycemia — Liver will have trouble maintaining blood glucose levels.

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35
Q

Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids

A
36
Q

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

A
37
Q

Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Degredation

A
38
Q

For the complete oxidation of palmitic acid, how many rounds of the beta oxidation spiral are required?

5

6

7

8

9

A

7— after 6 rounds we released 6 acCoA (12 carbons) we started with 16 so that leaves 4 carbons so we have one more round to get to 7

39
Q

Energy Yield from Fatty Acid Oxidation

A
40
Q

Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A
41
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Continued

A
42
Q

Unsaturated FA pt. 3

A
43
Q

Unsaturated FA Pt. 4

A
44
Q

Unsaturated FA Pt. 5

A
45
Q

ATP Yield from Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A
46
Q

Which fatty acid when completed oxidized will yield the greatest amount of ATP?

C16:0

C18:0

Cis delta 5 C20:1

Cis Delta 6 C20:1

Cis Delta 6,9 C20:2

A

Cis delta 5 C20:1

47
Q

Oxidation of Odd-Chain Fatty Acids

A
48
Q

ATP from the Oxidation of an Odd Chain Fatty Acid

A
49
Q

Alpha Oxidation

A

Alpha oxidation is unique to branched chain fatty acids.

50
Q

Omega Oxidation

A

Only see Omega oxidation when Beta Oxidation is working.

Omega converts methyl group to alcohol then aldehyde then to an acid

51
Q

Why is alpha oxidation required for Phytanic Acid?

To allow the hydration step to occur

to Allow the acyl CoA dehydrogenase step to occur

To allow the thiolase step to occur

To allow the hydroxylacyl CoA dehydrogenase step to occur

A

To allow the hydroxylacyl CoA dehydrogenase step to occur —

Methyl group is on the beta carbon. SO we can do the first step fine. The second step is to add hydroxyl group on the beta carbon. The third step is to oxidize the hydroxyl group on the beta carbon therefore we can’t make a ketone on that carbon. So if you use alpha oxidation you move the methyl group to the alpha position and can therefore oxidize the beta position.

52
Q

What metabolite may accumulate in the blood of an individual with MCAD deficiency?

Free Fatty Acids

Carnitine

6-10 Carbon Dicarboxlic acids

Glucose

Glycerol

A

6-10 Carbon Dicarboxlic acids — This is a case where omega oxidation will take over. Organic Dicarboxylic acids will be released.

53
Q

How does FA derived from FADH2 Deliver Electrons to the ETC

A
54
Q

Ketone Bodies

A
55
Q

Biosynthesis of Ketone Bodies

A
56
Q

How are ketone bodies metabolized

A
57
Q

Regulation of Ketone Body Synthesis

A
58
Q

Timing of Fatty Acid and KB utilization

A
59
Q

Metabolic Defects in FA oxidation

A
60
Q

Carnitine Deficiency

A

Fatty acids accumulate in the cytoplasm because they can’t get into the cytoplasm. SO FA in liver and muscle are disease conditions and this is why.

Primary — Treat with Short Chain Fatty acids.

Secondary — can’t be treated with short chain.

We don’t make ketone bodies with either type of Carnitine Deficiency.

61
Q

Primary Carnitine Deficiency

A
62
Q

Secondary Carnitine Deficiency

A
63
Q

MCAD Deficiency

A
64
Q

4 Peroxisome Disorders

A

Zellwedgers Syndrome

Refsum Disease

Adrenoluekodystrophy

Acyl-CoA Oxidase Deficiency

65
Q

Zellwedger Syndrome

A
66
Q

Refsum Disease

A
67
Q

Adrenoluekodystrophy

A
68
Q

Acyl-CoA Oxidase Deficiency

A
69
Q

Jamacan Vomiting Sickness

A
70
Q

Fatty Acid Bioxynthesis Rationale and Reactions

A
71
Q

Pathway of FA Biosynthesis

A
72
Q

Initial Condensation

A
73
Q

Initial Condensation Cont.

A
74
Q

Reductions of Dehydrations

A
75
Q

Reduction and Condensation

A
76
Q

Elongation of Fatty Acids

A
77
Q

Desaturation of Fatty Acids

A
78
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A
79
Q

Elongation and Desaturation of Fatty Acids – Omega Series

A
80
Q

Omega Series Cont.

A
81
Q

Transport of Acetyl CoA

A
82
Q

Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

A
83
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

A
84
Q

Allosteric Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

A
85
Q

Glucagon Regulation of Fatty Acids

A
86
Q
A

Good Question. You better Damn Well Know the Answer!!!

Fundamentals of Molecular Medicine (77 decks)

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