E3 - The respiratory system of domestic birds

Question 1

Respiratory system

Nasal cavity

Answer 1

• Nasal openings on both sides of the skull
• ​Separated by septum
• Nasal cavity is composed of:
  
  • ​Premaxilla
  • Maxilla
  • Os nasale
  • Vomer
  • Os palatine
  • (Os jugulare)
  • 3 choanae
    
    • ​Cranial (sometimes absent)
    • Medial (largest)
    • Caudal
• Ø sinuses
  
  • Sinus maxillaris: recessus in maxilla
  • 2 “sinuses” connect to caudal choanae

Question 2

Respiratory system

Larynx

Answer 2

• 2 larynx:
  
  • 1 proximal (separates food and air)
  • 1 caudal
• Ø epiglottis
• Ø cart. thyroidea
• Cart. cricoides (does not close, unpaired)
• Procricoid? (completes ring, unpaired)
• Cart. arythnoidea (layers of muscles control opening and closing of larynx, paired)
• Trachea have completely closed rings
• Syrinx: distally, at bifurcation of trachea, s​ound production
  
  • Pessulus: separates bronchial opening

Question 3

Respiratory system

Lungs

Answer 3

• Between 3^rd rib → 6^th rib
• Bronchi
• Secondary bronchi
• Parabronchus
  
  • ​Tubes surrounded by vessels for gas exchange
  • Connect to neighboring parabronchi

Air sacs:

• 9 air sacs:
  
  • Crainal group (used air)
    
    • ​2 Cervical sac
    • 1 Clavicular sac
    • 2 Cranial thoracic sac
  • Caudal group (fresh air)
    
    • 2 ​Abdominal sac
    • 2 Thoracic caudal sac
• Always open from saccobronchii
• Very thin walls
• In touch with every organ (ø brain)
• Ø diaphragm