A6 - Connections between bones

Question 1

What is the man division of joints?

Answer 1

• Synarthroses (immobile, without joint space)
• Synovial joints (with a joint cavity filled with joint fluid)

Question 2

Synarthrosis

Answer 2

• Immobile, articulations without a joint space
• Fibrous junctions (filled with soft tissue)
• Cartilaginous joints​ (filled with cartilage)
• Fibrous joints can be subdivided into:
  
  • Syndemoses (eg. attachment of the declaws to the metapodium in ox)
  • Suturae (unite the bones of the skull)
    
    • Sutrua serrata​ (stable, non-compressible)
    • Sutura squamosa (overlapping on edges that don’t match)
    • Sutura foliata (extreme stability, zygomaticomaxillary suture)
    • Sutura plana (most of the bones in the skull)
  • Gomphosis (implantation of the teeth in the dental alveoli)
• Cartilagenous joints can be subdivided into:
  
  • Synchondroses
    
    • ​Hyaline cartilage joints
    • Between base of skull and os hyoideum
  • Sympyses
    
    • ​Fibrocartilagenous joints
    • Between the two halves of the pelvis or the mandible
  • Synostoses
    
    • Ossified junctions
    • Between the equine radius and ulna

Question 3

Synovial joints

1. What is present in a joint?
2. Draw a general joint

Answer 3

• Caput articulare
• Fovea articularis (facet fitting the head)
• Capsula articularis, two fused layers:
  
  • Stratum fibrosum (outer)
  • Stratum synoviale (contains blood vessels and nerves)
• Cavum articulare
  
  • ​Contains synovial fluid
• Lig. articulare (internal and/or external ligaments to strengthen the joints)

Not always present features in incongruent joints (articular heads “non-fitting” cups):

• Discus articularis / meniscus articularis
  
  • Disc (divides the joint partly)
  • ​Menisc (divides the joint completely)
• Bursa synovialis (so muscles and tendons don’t get in contact with the bone)
• Ligaments
  
  • ​Lig. collaterale (single plane, thickest at the side that moves the least)
  • Lig. labrum (marginal cartilages, shoulder, hip)
  • Lig. capsulare (patellar ligament)
• Fat pads (corpus adiposum, fills out irregularities)
• Plicae (synovial fold, usually contains fat)
• Villi synovialis

Question 4

Synovial joint

On which terms can a synovial joint be categoized?

Answer 4

• By axis
  
  • ​Monoaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Multiaxial
• By number of joints
  
  • ​Simplex
  • Duplex
  • Composita
• By forms of articular surfaces (shapes of the head and cup)
  
  • Cochlear joint
  • Plane joint
  • Sledge joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Condylar joint
  • Ellipsoid joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Spheroidal joint

Question 5

Synovial joints

Categorized by axis

Answer 5

• Monoaxial:
  
  • ​One way of moving
    
    • Flexion - extension
• Biaxial:
  
  • ​Two ways of moving
    
    • Flexion - extension
    • Adduction - abduction
• Multiaxial:
  
  • ​More than two ways of movement
    
    • Flexion - extension
    • Adduction - abduction
    • Rotation
• Monoaxial joints:
  
  • Cochlear joint/art. cochlearis (tarsal joint)
  • Plane joint/art. plana (intervertebral joint)
  • Sledge joint/delabens (art. femoropatellaris)
  • Hinge joint/art. ginglymus (fetlock joint, art. metacarpophalangea, elbow joint)
  • Pivot joint/art. trochlearis (art. atlantoaxialis, art, radioulnaris

​​

• Diaxial joints:
  
  • Condylar joint/art. condylaris (art. femorotibialis, art. temporomandibularis)
  • Art. ellipsoidea (art. atlantooccipitalis)
  • Saddle joint/art. sellaris (pastern joint, art, interphalangea prox/dist
• Multiaxial joints:
  
  • Spheroidal joint/art. spheroidea (shoulder joint, art. humeri, art. coxae)

Question 6

Synovial joints

Categorized by number of joints

Answer 6

• ​​Art. simplex
  
  • ​Two bones
  • Example: shoulder joint
• Art. duplex
  
  • ​Additional cartilage
  • Example: stifle joint
• Art. composita
  
  • ​Involving more than three bones
  • Example:
    
    • Tarasal joint
    • Carpal joint

Question 7

Synovial joints (diarthrosis)

Catagorized by forms of articular surfaces

Answer 7

1. Cochlear joint (art. cochlearis)
   
   • ​Monoaxial
   • Example: tarsal joint
2. Plane joint (art. plana)
   
   • ​Monoaxial
   • Example: intervertebral joint
3. Sledge joint (delabens)
   
   • ​Monoaxial
   • Example: art. femoropatellair
4. Hinge joint (art. ginglymus)
   
   • ​Monoaxial
   • Example:
     
     • Fetlock joint
     • Art. metacarpophalangea
     • Elbow joint
5. Pivot joint (art. trochoidea)
   
   • ​Monoaxial
   • Example:
     
     • Art. atantoaxialis
     • Art. radioulnaris
6. Condylar joint (art. condylaris)
   
   • ​Diaxial
   • Example:
     
     • Art. femorotibialis
     • Art. temporomandibularis
7. Ellipsoideal joint (art. ellipsoidea)
   
   • ​Diaxial
   • Example: art. atlanooccipitalis
8. Saddle joint (art. sellaris)
   
   • ​Diaxial
   • Example:
     
     • Pastern joint
     • Art. interphalangea proximalis/distalis
9. Spheroideal joint (art. spheroidea)
   
   • ​Multiaxial
   • Example:
     
     • Shoulder joint
     • Art. humeri
     • Art. coxae

Question 8

What is the intervertebral disc composed of?

Answer 8

1. Anulus fibrosus (outer, fibrous ring)
2. Nucleus pulpus (inner, gel-like center)

• An intervertebral disc lies between adjacent vertebrae
• Each disc forms a fibrocartilagenous joints (symphysis)
• Role:
  
  • Acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together
  • Shock absorber for the spine

Question 9

Se på disse:

https://quizlet.com/301325991/what-kind-of-articulation-flash-cards/

https://quizlet.com/299597675/articulatio-flash-cards/