A22 - Art. femoropatellaris and the cranial muscles of the thigh

Question 1

Art. femoropatellaris

Answer 1

• Sledge joint (monoaxial)
• Diarthrosis
• Art. simplex (two bones)
  
  • Facies articulari of patella → trochlea of femur
• Passive stay apparatus of the horse:
  
  • The arrangement of the stifle joint gives a locking mechanism, which is an important part of the passive stay apparatus, by which one hindlimb supports a greater part of the body weight while the other is resting.
  • The binding loop is completed by:
    
    • Patella
    • Lig. patellae mediale (eq, bo)
    • Lig. patellae intermedium (eq, bo) ?
  • Patella is locked over the trochlea by contraction of m. quadriceps femoris

​

From nomenclature:

• Capsula articularis
• Fibrocartilagines parapatellares (around patella)
• Recessus suprapatellaris (above patella)
• Lig. patellae (continuation of m. quadriceps femoris tendon → tuberositas tibia. Patella is a sesamoid bone in the tendon)
• Lig. patellae intermedium (eq, bo)
• Retinaculum patellae mediale
  
  • Lig. femoropatellare mediale (medial sesamoid bone → patella & epicondylus medialis of femur. Reinforcement of joint capsule)
  • Lig. patellae mediale (eq, bo)
• Retinaculum patellae laterale
  
  • Lig. femoropatellare laterale (lateral sesamoid bone → patella & epicondylus medialis of femur. Reinforcement of joint capsule)
  • Lig. patellae laterale (eq, bo)

Question 2

Stifle joint, art. genus

Give the ligaments

Answer 2

Extracapsular ligaments:

• Retinaculum patellae (1)
  
  • From fascia lata and aponeurosis of muscle
  • Covers stifle
• Lig. patellae (2)
  
  • Continuation of m. quadriceps femoris tendon, the patella is a sesamoid bone in the tendon before patellar ligament inserts on tuberosita tibia
• Lig. collaterale laterale (3)
  
  • From epicondylus lateralis of femur → caput fibularis
  • A lesser part to condylus lateralis of tibia
  • Underneath there is the tendon of m. popliteus
• Lig. collaterale mediale (4)
  
  • Epicondylus medialis of femur → distal part of condylus medialis of tibia
  • Also attaches to meniscus medialis

Capsular ligaments:

• Lig. femoropatellare laterale (5)
  
  • Lateral sesamoid bone →
    
    • Patella
    • Epicondylus lateralis of femur
  • Reinforcement of join’t capsule
• Lig. femoropatellare mediale (6)
  
  • Medial sesamoid bone →
    
    • ​**Patella
    • Epicondylus lateralis of femur
  • Reinforcement of join’t capsule
• Lig. popliteum obliquum (23)
  
  • Reinforcement in caudal wall of joint capsule

Intracapsular ligaments:

• Lig. transversum genus (15)
  
  • Connects cranial angles of the two meniscus
• Ligg. meniscotibiales (cran/caud ends of both meniscus → tibia
  
  • ​Lig. craniale menisci laterale (16)
    
    • Area intercondylaris cranialis lateralis
  • Lig. craniale menisci mediale (17)
    
    • ​Area intercondylaris cranialis medialis
  • Lig. caudale menisci laterale (18)
    
    • incisura poplitea
  • Lig. caudale menisci mediale (19)
    
    • ​Area intercondylaris cuadalis
• Lig. cruticatum craniale (20)
  
  • Condylus lateralis of femur →Area intercondylaris caudalis of tibia
• Lig. cruticatum caudale (21)
  
  • Condylus medialis of femur →
    
    • Area intercondylaris caudalis of tibia
    • Incisura poplitea of tibia
• Lig. meniscofemorale (22)
  
  • ​Condylus medialis of femur → meniscus lateralis, caudal end

Synovial, protecting and fibrocartilaginous structure of stifle joint:

• Corpus adiposum infrapatellare (7)
  
  • ​Fatty tissue
  • Under lig. patellare
• Bursa infrapatellaris (8)
  
  • ​Under lig. patellare at tuberositas tibiae
• Recessus suprapatellaris (9)
  
  • ​Behind and above patella
• Recessus subextensorius (10)
  
  • ​Around tendon of m. extensor digitorum longus
• Recessus subpopliteus (11)
  
  • ​Around tendon of m. popliteus
• Meniscus medialis (12)
  
  • ​Fibrocartilage between femur and tibia
• Meniscus lateralis (13)
  
  • ​Fibrocartilage between femur and tibia
• Fibrocartilago parapatellaris (14)
  
  • Around patalla, on both sides

Question 3

Stifle joint, art. genus

Interspecies differences

Answer 3

• Lig. transversum genus (ø eq, bo)
• Lig. patellae mediale (eq, bo) (1)
• Lig. patellae intermedium (eq, bo) (2)
• Lig. patellae laterale (eq, bo) (3)
• Trochlea ossis femoris
  
  • Tuberculum trochlea ossis femoris (eq) (4)
• Cavities of the joint capsule (eq)
  
  • Femorotibial joint has separated medial, lateral cavities (which forms proximal, sacs)
  • Medial femorotibial joint communicates with femoropatellar joint cavity
• Lig. cruciatum craniale (eq)
  
  • Condylus lateralis of femur → area inercondylaris centralis of tibia

Question 4

Name the cranial muscles of the thigh

Answer 4

• M. quadriceps femoris
  
  • ​M. rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
• M. iliopsoas
• M. sartorius
• (M. tensor fasciae latae)

Question 5

M. quadriceps femoris

Answer 5

• 4 heads of origin, fused distally
• Origin:
  
  • ​M. rectus femoris: corpus ossis ili (area m. recti femoris medialis et lateralis)
  • ​M. vastus lateralis: proxiomal, craniolateral of femur
  • M. vastus medialis: proximal, craniomedial of femur
  • M. vastus intermedius: proximal, cranial of femur
• Insertion: Patella, and by means of patellar ligament on tuberositas tibiae
• Action:
  
  • ​Strongest exensor of the stifle joint
  • M. rectus femoris: also flexes hip
• Innervation: N. femoralis

Question 6

M. iliopsoas

Answer 6

M. Psoas major

• Origin: Lumbar vertebrae, on corpus and processus transversus
• Insertion: Trochanter minor of femur
• Action: Draw the thigh forewards by flexing the hip and turning the stifle outwards

M. Iliacus

• Origin: Arising between linea arcurata and lateral border of os iliaca (sacroiliac joint)
• Insertion: Trochanter minor of femur (medially) between m. Rectus femoris and m. Pectineus (together with M. psoas major)
• Action: Enforcement of the sacroiliac joint

Question 7

M. sartorius

Answer 7

• Ca: divided into pars cranialis and pars caudalis
• Origin:
  
  • Crista iliaca
  • Spina iliaca cranialis ventralis
  • Thoracolumbar fascia
• Insertion:
  
  • Radiating into fascia lata and crural fascia
  • Pars cranialis: above stifle joint
  • Pars caudalis: below stifle joint, medially reaches crista tibia
• Action:
  
  • Flexes hip
  • Pars cranialis: extends stifle
  • Pars caudalis: flexes stifle
• Innervation: N. femoralis

Question 8

M. tensor fasciae latae

Answer 8

• Origin:
  
  • Tuber coxae
    
    • ​Spina iliaca ventralis cranialis
    • Spina alaris
• Insertion:
  
  • ​Radiates into fascia lata and fascia cruris
  • Superficial fascial layer covers thigh
  • Deep fascial layer surrounds m. quadriceps femoris and attaches to femur
• Action:
  
  • ​Tenses fascia lata
  • Flexes hip
  • Extends stifle
• Innervation: N. gluteus cranialis