D11 - Parasympathetic system

Question 1

Give the division of the nervous system

Answer 1

• Autonomic nervous system is a division of peripheral nevous system that is not under voluntary control
• Autonomic nervous system is divided into:
  • Sympathetic nervous system
    
    • ​Fight or flight response
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
    
    • ​Rest and digest
    • Regulates body functions under normal conditions
  • Enteric nervous system
    
    • ​Contains branches from sympathetic and parasympahtetic nervous system
    • Regulates functions of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 2

Autonomic nervous system

Role

Answer 2

• Regulates:
  
  • Respiration
  • Circulation
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Body temperature
  • Water balance
  • Urination
  • Pupillary response
  • etc…
• There is a close interaction between the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system

Question 3

Autonomic nervous system

Structure

Answer 3

• The afferent components can be divided into:
  
  • Sympathetic
    
    • ​Transmitter: Noradrenaline
  • Parasympathetic
    
    • ​Transmitter: Acetylcholine
• Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems consists of pairs of neurons that link the CNS to the innervated structure
• The first neuron preganglionic neuron is myelinated, and synapses with the second, postganglionic non-myelinated neuron
• The parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system can be diiferentiated according to the transmitter substance

Question 4

Parasympathetic system

Give the neurotransmitter

Answer 4

Acetylcholine

(Sympathetic: noradrenalin)

Question 5

Parasympathetic system

1. Structure
2. Draw

Answer 5

• Cells of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system are located i the nuclei of origin of certain cranial nerves in the brainstem and in the sacral spinal cord
  
  • Craniosacral = parasympathetic
• The parasympathetic nuclei of the cranial nerves are:
  
  • PNS of n. oculomotorius → ggl. ciliaris → m. ciliaris
  • PNS of n. facialis →
    
    • Ggl. mandibularis (for sublingual and submandibular glands)
    • Ggl. pterygopalatina (for lacrimal, nasal and palatine glands)
  • PNS for n. glossopharyngeus → ggl. oticum → buccal and parotid gland
  • PNS for n. vagus
    
    • ​Distributed to the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity
    • Synapses occur in ganglia along the nerve plexus, which they innervate, and are often located within the supplied organ
• Cellbodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sacral part of the parasympathetic system are located in the lateral column of the sacral spinal cord
• Their axons leave the spinal nerves and form the pelvic nerves which join the sympathetic fibers in the pelvic plexus

Question 6

Give the parasympathetic nuclei of cranial nerves

Answer 6

Question 7

Draw n. vagus around esophagus

Answer 7