C3 - Tongue, blood supply and innervation

Question 1

Structures to mention on the tongue

Answer 1

• Corpus linguae
• Radix linguae (Caudal to papillae vallatae, → hyoid bone)
  
  • Tonsilla lingualis (Bo, eq) (lymphatic follicles)
  • Papilla tonsillaris (su)
• Apex linguae
• Dorsum linguae (Dorsal part of the tongue)
• Torus linguae (Ru) (Prominence of the dorsum caudal to the fossa linguae)
• Fossa linguae (bo) (Deep pit on the dorsum linguae)
• Facies ventralis linguae
• Frenulum linguae (Ventral median fold that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth, sus, bo: doubled)
• Papillae linguales (Covers the dorsal surface)
  
  • Papillae filiformes
  • Papillae conicae
  • Papillae fungiformes (Have tastebuds)
  • Papillae lentiformes (Ru) (Mechanical)
  • Papillae vallatae (Have tastebuds)
  • Papillae foliatae (ø ru?) (Have tastebuds)
  • Papillae marginales (car, sus) (Present in newborns)
• Sulcus medianus linguae (Median dorsal groove)
• Septum linguae
• Lyssa (ca) (It continues caudally between mm. genioglossi by a cord)
• Cartilago dorsi linguae (eq)

Musculi linguae:

• M. genioglossus
• M. hyoglossus
• M. styloglossus
• M. lingualis proprius
  
  • Fibrae longitudinales superficiales
  • Fibrae longitudinales profundae (eq)
  • Fibrae transversae
  • Fibrae perpendiculares

Question 2

Give the interspecies differences of the tongue

Answer 2

• Lyssa (car)
• Sulcus medianus (eq, car)
• Torus linguae (ru)
• Fossa linguae (bo)
• Cartilago dorsi linguae (eq)
• Papilla lentiformis (ru)
• Papilla foliatae (ø ru)
• Papilla marginalis (car, su) (newborns)
• Radix lingua
  
  • Tonsilla lingualis (Bo, eq)
  • Papilla tonsillaris (su)
• Fibrae longitudinalis profundae (eq) (intrinsic muscles of the tongue)
• Number of circum vallate papillae:
  
  • ​Eq, su: 1 pair
  • Ox: 8-17 pair
  • Car: 2-3 pair

Question 3

Where does the radix linguae attach

Answer 3

Hyoid bone

Question 4

List the papilla of the tongue

Answer 4

• Mechanical:
  
  • Papillae filiformis
    
    • ​Covers dorsum linguae
    • Car, su: covers radix linguae
  • Papillae conicae
  • Papillae lentiformis (ru)
• Gustatory:
  
  • Papilla fungiformis
    
    • ​On dorsum linguae
    • On lateral and ventral surface of the tongue
  • Papillae foliata (ø ru)
    
    • On the borders of the tongue
  • Papillae vallata
    
    • ​On dorsum linguae
    • Su, eq: one pair
    • Car: 2-3 papillae on each side
    • Ox: 8-17 papillae
• Papilla marginalis (newborn car, su)

Question 5

Give the main divisions of the tongue

Answer 5

• Dorsum linguae
• Apex linguae
• Corpus linguae (between apex and radix)
• Radix linguae
• Maro linguae (margin of the tongue)
• Frenulum linguae
• Ductus thyroglossus
• Septum linguae
• Aponeurosis linguae

Question 6

Dorsum linguae

Answer 6

• Surface opposite the palate
• Torus linguae (ru)
• Fossa linguae (ru)
• Cartilage dorsi linguae (eq)
• Sulcus medianus linguae

Question 7

Apex linguae

Answer 7

• Free rostral portion
• Tip
• Presents dorsal and ventral surface
  
  • Ventral surface: connected to the floor of the oral cavity by frenulum linguae (median flod)
• Lyssa (car)

Question 8

Radix linguae

Answer 8

• Caudal part of papilla vallata
• Slopes caudally towards the base of epiglottis
• Tonsilla lingualis (eq, bo)
  
  • Lymphoid follicles
  • On the radix
• Tonsilla lingualis (su)​
  
  • Conicale papillae
  • Contains lymph nodes
  • On the radix

Question 9

Frenulum linguae

Answer 9

• Ventral median fold
• Attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
• Su, bo: doubled

Question 10

Ductus thyroglossus

Answer 10

• Epithelial tube
• Evaginates from the radix
• Gives rise to gl. thyroidea
• In for. cecum

Question 11

Septum linguae

Answer 11

Sheet of connective tissue in the median plane

Question 12

Aponeurosis linguae

Answer 12

• Dense layer of connective tissue
• Covers the musculature
• Attachment of the muscles

Question 13

Draw the tongue of:

1. Bo
2. Ca
3. Eq

Answer 13

Question 14

1. List the muscles of the tongue
2. Draw the muscles

Answer 14

Intrinsic muscles:

1. ​Fibrae longitudinalis superficialis
2. Fibrae longitudinalis profunda (eq)
3. Fibrae transversa
4. Fibrae perpendicularis

​Extrinsic muscles:

1. M. styloglossus
2. M. hyoglossus
3. M. genioglossus

Other muscles acting on the tongue

1. M. geniohyoideus
2. M. mylohyoideus
3. M. sternohyoideus
4. M. thyrohyoideus
5. M. sternothyroideus
6. M. occipitohyoideus

Question 15

Extrinsic muscles

M. styloglossus

Answer 15

• Origin: Stylohyoid bone
• Insertion: Middle of tongue
• Action: Retract and elevate tongue

Question 16

Extrinsic muscles

M. hyoglossus

Answer 16

• Origin:
  
  • ​Thyrohyoid
  • Basihyoid
• Insertion: Radix linguae
• Action: Retracts and depress tongue

Question 17

Extrinsic muscles

M. genioglossus

Answer 17

• Origin: Symphysis and adjacent surface of the body of mandibula
• Insertion: Left and right join at the median plane
• Action:
  
  • ​Caudal fibers: protrude tongue
  • Rostral fibers: retract apex

Question 18

Other muscles acting on the tongue

M. geniohyoideus

Answer 18

• Origin: Symphysis mandibularis
• Insertion: Basihyoid
• Action Draws the hyoid apparatus and larynx rostrally

Question 19

Other muscles acting on the tongue

M. mylohyoideus

Answer 19

• Origin: Basihyoid caudally
• Insertion: Midventral raphe, om the muscle from the other side
• Action: Supports tongue

Question 20

Other muscles acting on the tongue

M. sternohyoideus

Answer 20

• Origin:
  
  • ​Sternum
  • 1^st costal cartilage
• Insetion: Basihyoid
• Action: Pull the hyoid bone, radix linguae and larynx caudally

Question 21

Other muscles acting on the tongue

M. thyrohyoideus

Answer 21

• Origin: Cartilago thyroidea
• Insertion: Thyrohyoid bone
• Action:?

Question 22

Other muscles acting on the tongue

M. sternothyroideus

Answer 22

• Origin: 1^st costal cartilage
• Insertion: Cartilago thyroidea
• Action: Draws larynx and tongue caudally

Question 23

Blood supply of the tongue

Answer 23

1. A. lingualis​​
   
   • Ca, sus: ex a. carotis externa
   • Eq, ru: ex tr. linguofascialis
   • Runs with stylohyoid bone, then enters into linguae: a. profunda linguae
2. A. sublingualis
   
   • ​Ca, eq: a. submentalis, ex a. fascialis
   • Ru, sus: ex a. lingualis
3. V. lingualis from v. linguofascialis (arcus hyoideus)
4. V. sublingualis
   
   • ​Ca, sus, ru: ex v. ingualis
   • Eq: ex v. fascialis

Question 24

Innervation of the tongue

Answer 24

• 5 pairs of cranial nerves:
  
  • N. mandibularis ex n. trigemini (V)
  • N. fascialis (VII)
  • N. glossopharyngeus (IX)
  • N. vagus (X)
  • N. hypoglossus (XII) (only motor nerve of the tongue)
• The other nerves (ø n. hypoglossus) are:
  
  • Sensory
    
    • Tactile
    • Pain
    • Gustatory
    • Temperature