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Anatomy 3 oral > A23 - Art. tarsi and its muscles > Flashcards

A23 - Art. tarsi and its muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the tarsus

List the bones

A
  • Consists of 3 rows of tarsal bones:
    • Crural row (proximal)
    • Intertarsal row (middle)
    • Metatarsal row (distal)

Crural row:

  • Talus (medial)
  • Calcaneus

Intertarsal row:

  • Os tarsi centrale

Metatarsal row:

  • Os tarsale I (os cueniforme mediale)
  • Os tarsale II (os cueniforme intermedium)
  • Os tarsale III (os cueniforme laterale)
  • Os tarsale IV (os cuboideum)

​​

  • Os tarsale I et II (eq)
  • Os tarsale II et III (bo)
  • Os centroquartale (bo)

Number of tarsal bones:

  • Ca: 7
  • Eq: 6
    • Os tarsale I et II fused (os cueniforme mediointermedium)
  • Bo: 5
    • Os tarsale II et III fused (os cueniforme intermediolaterale)
    • Os centroquartale (os naviculocuboideum)
      • Fused os tarsale IV and os tarsi central
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2
Q

Bones of the tarsus

Talus

A
  • On the medial side
  • In the crural/proximal row of tarsus (together with calcaneus)
  • Corpus tali
  • Caput tali (ca)
  • Collum tali (ca)
  • Trochlea tali (ca, eq) (proximal)
  • Trochlea tali proximalis (bo, su)
  • Trochlea tali distalis (bo, su)
  • Facies articularis calcaneae
    • ​Plantar, lateral
    • Articlates with bones of the intertarsal row)
  • Facies articularis navicularis (ca, eq)
    • Articulates with the navicular bone
  • Sulcus tali (eq, ca)
    • Plantar
    • Forms with sulcus calcanei the sinus tarsi
  • Sinus tarsi
    • ​Formed by sulcus tali + sulcus calcanei
  • Tuberculum tali (eq)
    • Medial
    • For ligament attachment
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3
Q

Bones of tarsus

Calcaneus

A
  • On the lateral side
  • Behind the talus
  • Forms the basis of the heel
  • In the crural/proximal row of tarsus (together with calcaneus)
  • Tuber calcanei
  • Sustentaculum tali
    • ​Medial
  • Sulcus tendinis m. flexor hallucis longi
    • ​Plantar
  • Processus coracoideus
    • ​Projects toward talus
  • Facies articulares talares
    • ​On its dorsal and medial surface
  • Facies articularis cuboidea
  • Facies articularis malleolaris
  • Sulcus calcanei
    • ​​Formes sinus tarsi together with sulcus tali
  • Sinus tarsi​
    • ​​​Formed by sulcus tali + sulcus calcanei
  • Canalis tarsi (Un) (ø ca)
    • ​Vascular canal for the perforating tarsal vessels
    • Between 3rd and 4th tarsal bones
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4
Q

Bones of metatarsus

A
  • Numbered from medial to lateral:
    • Mt 1 (ca)
    • Mt 2 (ca, su)
    • Mt 3
    • Mt 4
    • Mt 5
    • Mt 3+4 (ru)

Interspecies:

  • Ca: 5 metatarsal bones
    • Mt 1 - Mt 5
    • Mt 1 is rudimentary
  • Bo:
    • Mt 3+4 fused - chief metatarsal bone
    • Compared to metacarbus:
      • Square in section (metacarpus is oval in section)
      • Longer than metacarpus
    • Mt5 is rudimentary, attached and fused to Mt3+Mt4
    • On chier metatarsal bones:
      • Sulcus longitudinalis dorsalis
      • Sulcus longitudinalis plantaris
      • Canalis metatarsi proximalis
      • Canalis metatarsi distalis
      • Incisura interthrochlearis
  • Eq:
    • Mt 3: chief metatarsal bone
      • Largest, fully developed
      • Longer than metacarpal bone
      • Round in cross section (metacarpal bone is oval in section)
    • Mt 2 & Mt 4:
      • ​Shows less fusion with the Mt 3
  • Basis (proximal)
  • Corpus
  • Caput (distal)
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5
Q

Bones of the digits

A
  • The digits of the hind limb is the same as the fore limb

Digits:

  • Ca: 5 digits (digit 1-5)
    • Digit 1: only two Ph (Ph1 and Ph3)
  • Eq: 1 digit (digit 3)
  • Ru: 4 digits
    • 3rd and 4th: fully developed (chief digits)
    • 2nd and 5th: reduced
  • Su: 4 digits (digit 2-5)
  • Digit 1 (ca)
    • Only Ph1 and Ph3 (ø Ph2)

Phalanx:

  • Each digit has 3 phalanges:
    • Ph1
      • ​O**s compedale
      • Long pastern bone
    • Ph2
      • ​Os coronale
      • Short pedal bone
    • Ph3
      • ​Os ungulare
      • Coffin bone
  • Phalanx proximalis:
    • Basis phalangis proximalis (proximal)
      • ​Fovea articularis
    • Corpus phalangis proximalis (ends distally at the caput)
      • Trigonum phalangis proximalis (eq) (palmar)
    • Caput phalangis proximalis (distal)
      • ​Trochlea
  • Phalanx media:
    • Basis phalangis mediae (proximal)
      • ​Fovea articularis
      • Processus extensorius (eq, bo) (dorsal)
      • Tuberositas flexoria (eq, bo) (plantar)
    • Corpus phalangis mediae
    • Caput phalangis mediae (distal)
  • Phalanx distalis:
    • Facies articularis
    • Facies articularis sesamoidea (articulates with os sesamoideum distale)
    • Facies parietalis
    • Facies solearis

Ossa sesamoidea:

  • Ossa sesamoidea proximalia
    • ​Two bones
    • Plantar
  • Os sesamoideum distale (navicular bone)
    • One bone
    • Plantar aspect of each phalanx
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6
Q

What is another name for art. tarsi?

A

Hock joint

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7
Q

Hock joint, art. tarsi (eq)

A
  • Art. composita
  • Art. cochlearis (monoaxial)
  • Includes the joints between:
    • Tibia
    • Tarsal bones
    • Metatarsal bones
  • Membrana fibrosa runs from tibia to metatarsus
  • Membrana synovialis attaches at each level, forming 4 cavities:
    • Tarsocrural cavity (communicates with the proximal intertarsal cavity)
    • Proximal intertarsal cavity
    • Distal intertarsal cavity (communicates with the tarsometatarsal cavity)
    • Tarsometatarsal cavity

Articulations

  1. Art. tarsocruralis
    • Diarthrosis
    • Art. cochlearis
    • ​Tibiotarsal joint
    • Tibia → talus (trochlea tali)
    • Formed by:
      • Trochlea of talus
      • Cochlea of tibia
      • Malleolus of fibula (ru??)
    • Most spacious
    • Joint capsule (eq):
      • 1 dorsal recess
      • 2 plantar recesses
  2. Art. talocalcanea
    • ​Talus → calcaneus
    • Lig. talocalcaneum planatare (ø bo)
    • Lig. talocalcaneum laterale
  3. Art. talocalaneocentralis
    • ​Talus → calcaneus → os tarsi centrale
    • Ca: rotation and side-to-side
    • Eq: amphiarhrosis (slightly movable)
  4. Art. calcaneoquartalis
    • ​Calcaneus → os tarsale quartum
    • Movement:
      • Ca: rotation and side-to-side
      • Eq: amphiarhrosis (slightly movable)
  5. Art. talocentralis
    • ​Talus → os tarsi centrale
  6. Art. centrodistalis
    • ​Os tarsi centrale → os tarsi distale (ø 4th tarsal bone)
    • Amphiarthorsis (slightly movable)
    • Capsula articularis
    • Ligg. tarsi interossea
    • Ligg. tarsi dorsalia
      • ​Lig. talocentraodistometatarseum (eq)
    • Ligg. tarsi plantaria
      • ​Lig. plantare longum
  7. Art. tarsometatareae
    • ​​Amphiarthorsis (slightly movable)
    • Capsula articularis
    • Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia
    • Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria
    • Ligg. tarsometatarsea interossea
  8. Art. intertarseae
    • ​Between tarsal bones
    • Ampharthroses
  • Recessus: (art. tarsocruralis)
    • 1 dorsal recess
    • 2 plantar recesses

Long ligaments: (fra power point)

  • Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale longum (tibia → distal tarsal bones and metatarsal bones)
  • Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale breve (tibia → calcaneus & talus​)
  • Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale longum (tibia → distal tarsal bones and metatarsal bones)
  • Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale breve (tibia → calcaneus & talus​)
  • Lig. talocentrodistometatarseum (eq) (tuberculum tali → metatarsal bones on dorsal surface)​
  • Lig. plantare longum (distal part of calcaneus, covers the tarsal bones → metatarsal bones)

Short ligaments: Between the tarsal bones

Figure: numbers indicate the type of articulation

Ligamenter lista under joints er overkill (se på de fra powerpointen: long ligaments & short ligaments)

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8
Q

Which muscles should be included in the topic?

A

Flexors of the hock:

  • M. tibialis cranialis
  • M. peroneus tertius (eq)
  • M. peroneus longus (ø eq)
  • M. peroneus brevis (ca)
  • M. extensor digitorum longus
  • M. extensor digitorum lateralis
  • M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus (ca)

Extensors of the hock:

  • M. triceps surae
    • M. gastrocnemius
      • Caput laterale
      • Caput mediale
    • M. soleus (ø ca)
  • M. tibialis caudalis
  • M. flexor digitorum superficialis
  • M. flexor digitorum profundus
    • ​M. flexor digitorum lateralis
    • M. flexor digitorum medialis
  • Tendo accessorius
    • M. biceps femoris
    • M. semitendinosus
    • M. gracilis
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9
Q

Give the flexors of the hock

A
  1. M. tibialis cranialis
  2. M. peroneus tertius (eq)
  3. M. peroneus longus (ø eq)
  4. M. peroneus brevis (ca)
  5. M. extensor digitorum longus
  6. M. extensor digitorum lateralis
  7. M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus (ca)

All digital extensors flexes the hock

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10
Q

M. tibialis cranialis

A
  • Origin:
    • Condylus lateralis of tibia
    • C**rita tibia
  • Insertion:
    • Medial on
      • Os tarsi 1
      • Mt 1-2
  • Action: Flexes tarsus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
  • Eq:
    • Does not cover m. extensor digitorum longus,
    • It’s inserting tendon runs between the two branches of m. peroneus

tertius

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11
Q

M. peroneus tertius

A

Ø car, tendon in eq

  • Origin: Fossa extensoria of the femur (together with m. extensor digitorum longus)
  • Insertion:
    • Four branches to all tarsal bones (Ø T1 and T2)
    • Mt3, proximal
  • Action:
    • Flex the tarsus
    • Extends stifle
    • Important part of the passive stay apparatus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
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12
Q

M. peroneus longus

A

Ø eq

  • Origin:
    • Condylus lateralis of tibia, cranial margin
    • Caput fibularis
    • Lateral collateral ligament of the stifle
  • Insertion: First attaches to os tarsi 4+5 (on its plantar surface), then extends to all metatarsal bones’ plantar base
  • Action: Flexes tarsus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
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13
Q

M. peroneus brevis

A

Ca

  • Origin: Laterally on distal third of fibula (and partly on tibia)
  • Insertion: Base of Mt. 5
  • Action: Flexes tarsus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
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14
Q

M. extensor digitorum longus

A
  • Origin: Fossa extensoria on condylus lateralis of femur
  • Insertion: Processus extensorius of Ph3 of digits 2-5
  • Action:
    • Extends stifle and joints of digits
    • Flexes tarsus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
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15
Q

M. extensor digitorum lateralis

A
  • Origin: Proximal third of fibula
  • Insertion: Unites with long digital extensor’s tendon to reach digit 5, Ph3
  • Action:
    • Extension and abduction of digit 5
    • Flexes tarsus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
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16
Q

M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus

A

Ca

  • Origin: Middle third of fibula
  • Insertion: Radiates into fascia over metatarsophalangeal joint of digit 2
  • Action:
    • Extends digit 2 (and digit 1 if it’s present)
    • Flexes tarsus
  • Innervation: N. peroneus
17
Q

Give the extensors of the hock

A
  • M. triceps surae:
    • M. gastrocnemius
      • Caput laterale
      • Caput mediale
    • M. soleus (ø ca)
  • M. tibialis caudalis
  • M. flexor digitorum superficialis
  • M. flexor digitorum profundus
    • ​M. flexor digitorum lateralis
    • M. flexor digitorum medialis
  • Tendo accessorius:
    • M. biceps femoris
    • M. semitendinosus
    • M. gracilis

All digital flexors extends tarsus

18
Q

M. gastrocnemius

A

Eq: Forms m. triceps surae with m. soleus

  • Origin: The medial and lateral tuberosita supracondylaris of the femur (inside their heads - caput mediale and laterale there are sesamoid bones)
  • Insertion: Tendo calcanei communis → Tuber calcanei
  • Action:
    • Extends tarsus
    • Flexes stifle
  • Innervation: N. tibialis
19
Q

M. soleus

A
  • Ø ca
  • Forms m. triceps surae with both heads of m. gastrocnemius
  • Origin: Proximal part of fibula
  • Insertion: Tendo calcanei communis → Tuber calcanei
  • Action: Assist in extension of hock
  • Innervation: N. tibialis
20
Q

M. tibialis caudalis

A
  • Origin: Cauput fibula, caudally
  • Insertion: Medially at tarsus it radiates into tarsal fascia
  • Action: Extends tarsus
  • Innervation: N. tibialis
  • Un: the tendon joins the m. flexor digitorum lateralis tendon at the tarsus
  • Eq: it is a part of m. flexor digitorum profundus
21
Q

M. flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • Origin: Fossa supracondylaris of femur, partly fused with m. gastrocnemius caput lateralis
  • Insertion: Its plantar tendon (tendo plantaris) turns from medial to lateral direction around common calcaneal tendon, on the surface of tuber calcanei it makes a cap (galea calcanea), then finally attaches to Ph2 of digits 2-5. on plantar surface
    • ​In eq: tuberositas flexoria
  • Action:
    • Flexes stifle
    • Extends hock
    • Flexes joints of digits 2-5
  • Innervation: N. tibialis
22
Q

M. flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • Divided into:
    • M. flexor digitorum lateralis
    • M. flexor digitorum medialis
  • Origin:
    • ​M. flexor digitorum lateralis:
      • ​Proximal caudal half of fibula
      • Proximal caudolateral border of tibia
      • Interosseus membrane
    • M. flexor digitorum medialis: Caudo-proximally from tibia
    • Below tarsus, the two parts unite
  • Inertion: Plantar surface of Ph3 of digits 2-5 on tuberculum flexorium
    • ​Eq: facies flexoria
  • Action:
    • ​Extends tarsus
    • Flexes joints of digits 2-5
  • Innervation: N. tibialis

Eq: receives lig. accessorium (fibrous continuation of plantar tarsal ligament)

23
Q

Tendo accessorius

A
  • From:
    • M. biceps femoris
    • M. semitendinosus
    • M. gracils

M. biceps femoris

  • Origin:
    • ​Pars cranialis: Lig. sacrotuberale
    • Pars caudalis: Tuber ischiadicum, caudal part
  • Insertion: By means of fascia lata and crural fascia to:
    • Patella
    • P**atellar ligament,
    • Tuberositas tibiae
    • Crista tibiae
    • Tuber calcanei by tendo accessorius
  • Action:
    • ​Extends hip and hock
    • Cranial part extends stifle
    • Caudal part flexes stifle
  • Innervation:
    • ​N. ischiadicus
    • Eq: also n. gluteus caudalis

M. semitendinosus

  • Origin: Tuber ischiadicum
  • Insertion:
    • ​Crista tibiae
    • Tuber calcanei by tendo accessorius
  • Action:
    • ​Extends hip
    • Flexes stifle
    • Extends hock
  • Innervation:​
    • ​N. ischiadicus
    • Eq: also n. gluteus caudalis

M. gracilis

  • Origin: Symphysis pelvis (by means of tendo symphysialis)
  • Insertion: Medially on:​
    • Crista tibiae
    • Fascia cruris
    • Tuber calcanei by tendo accessorius
  • Action:
    • ​Adducts hindlimb
    • Extends hip
    • Flexes stifle
    • Extends tarsus
  • Innervation: N. obturatorius

Anatomy 3 oral (122 decks)

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