C16 - Paranasal sinuses

Question 1

Structures to mention in sinus paranasales

Answer 1

• Sinus maxillaris (Between external and internal plates of facial bones)
  
  • Sinus maxillaris rostralis (eq) (Separated by septum maxillaris from sinus maxillaris caudalis)
  • Sinus maxillaris caudalis (eq) (Separated by eptum maxillaris from sinus maxillaris rostralis, communicates with sinus frontalis and sinus sphenopalatinus)
  • Septum sinuum maxillarium (eq) Between sinus maxillaris rostralis and sinus maxillaris caudalis)
• Recessus maxillaris (ca) (Medial: between the os ethmoidale and os maxillare. Lateral: os palatine, and os lacrimale)
• Apertura nasomaxillaris (Nasomaxillary opening, from sinus maxillaris of recess → meatus nasalis medius)
• Sinus conchomaxillaris (eq)
• Sinus lacrimalis (su, Ru) (In os lacrimale)
• Sinus palatinus (Ru: in hard palate, Eq: lamina perpenidcularis of the palatine bone)
• Sinus frontalis (Fe, eq: frontal sinus, other species: have more than one frontal sinus on each side)
• Sinus conchofrontalis (eq) (Sinus frontalis and sinus conchalis dorsalis, continous in eq)
• Apertura frontomaxillaris (eq) (Between sinus frontalis and sinus maxillaris)
• Sinus sphenoidalis (Ø ca) (Cavity in os sphenoidale)
• Sinus sphenopalatinus (eq) (Sinus sphenoidale and sinus palatiuns are continous, opens into sinus maxillaris caudalis
• Cellulae ethmoidales (Ethmoidal cells, enclosed by conchae ethmoidalis)

Question 2

Give the interspecies differences in sinus paranasales

Answer 2

• Sinus maxillaris
  
  • Sinus maxillaris rostralis (eq)
  • Sinus maxillaris caudalis (eq)
  • Septum sinuum maxillarium (eq)
• Recessus maxillaris (ca)
• Sinus conchomaxillaris (eq)
• Sinus lacrimalis (su, Ru)
• Sinus conchofrontalis (eq)
• Apertura frontomaxillaris (eq)
• Sinus sphenoidalis (Ø ca)
• Sinus sphenopalatinus (eq)

Question 3

Define paranasal sinuses

Answer 3

• Air-filled spaces lined with mucosa, that communicate with the nasal cavity

Question 4

Role of paranasal sinuses

Answer 4

• Function not fully understood, but sinuses tend to lession the weight of the head of large herbivorous animals

Question 5

What are the types of sinus sytems?

Answer 5

• Two types of sinus systems

1. The sinuses that communicate with meatus nasalis medius, sinuses are arranged in series
2. The sinuses tha communicate, each with its own opening, with meatus ethmoidalis, arranged parallell to each other

Question 6

Paranasal sinuses in horse

Answer 6

• Paranasal sinuses present in horse:
  
  • Sinus maxillaris caudalis
    
    • ​Within maxilla, os lacrimale and os zygomaticum
  • Sinus maxillaris rostralis
    
    • ​Within rostral part of maxilla
  • Sinus conchofrontalis
    
    • ​Sinus conchae dorsalis
    • Sinus frontalis
  • Sinus sphenopalatinus
  • Sinus conchae ventralis
• All paranasal sinuses communicate with the meatus nasalis medius
• ​Sinus maxillaris rostralis et caudalis opens into nasal cavity
• Sinus conchofrontalis and sinus sphenoidales opens into sinus maxillaris caudalis

Question 7

Paranasal sinuses in ox

Answer 7

• Sinuses communicating with meatus nasalis medius:
  
  • ​Sinus palatinus (in hard palate)
  • Sinus maxillaris (directly)
  • Sinus lacrimalis (via sinus maxillaris)
• Sinuses communicating with meatus ethmoidales: RIKTIG???
  
  • ​Sinus frontales
  • Sinus sphenoidalis
  • Conchal

Question 8

Paranasal sinuses in swine

Answer 8

• ​Meatus nasalis medius: communicate with sinus maxillaris
• Meatus ethmoidalis: sinus lacrimalis and sinus frontalis

Question 9

Paranasal sinuses in carnivores

Answer 9

• Recessus maxillaris:
  
  • ​Diverticulum of the nasal cavity (other species: air-filled cavity between internal and external laminae of the bones of the skull)
  • Bounded by:
    
    • Maxilla
    • Os lacrimale
    • Os palatine
    • Os ethmoidale
  • Meatus nasalis medius → aditus nasomaxillaris → sinus maxillaris
• Meatus ethmoidales: sinus frontales and sinus sphenoidales
  
  • Sinus frontalis:
    
    • ​Location:
      
      • Os frontale, rostral
    • Communicate with the nasal cavity via the space between 2^nd and 3^rd ectoturbinate
• Fe: undivided sinsu frontalis and sinus palatinus on each side

Question 10

List the paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

1. Sinus maxillaris
2. ​Sinus frontalis
3. ​Sinus palatinus
4. ​Sinus sphenoidalis
5. ​Sinus lacrimalis
6. Sinus conchae dorsalis
7. ​Sinus conchae ventralis

Question 11

Sinus maxillaris

Answer 11

• Outer wall is formed by:
  
  • Maxilla
  • Os lacrimale
  • Os palatinus

Carnivores:

• Recessus maxillaris (not a true sinus)

Equine:

• Divided - communicates
• Septum nasi maxillaris divides into:
  
  • Sinus maxillaris caudalis
  • Sinus maxillaris rostralis
• Communicate with cavum nasi thorugh apertura nasomaxillaris
• Lies into:
  
  • Maxilla
  • Os zygomaticum
  • Os lacrimale

Ruminant:

• Found in:
  
  • Maxilla
  • Os zygomatica
  • Bulla of os lacrimale
• Communicate with sinus palatinus and sinus lacrimalis

Swine:

• Found in:
  
  • Maxilla and os zygomatica
• Rostral and caudal parts

Question 12

Sinus frontalis

Answer 12

In os frontale

Ruminant and swine:

• Extends into:
  
  • Caudally through os parietale and os interparietale into os occipitale
  • Laterally into pars squamosa of os temporale
  • Horned ruminants: into processus cornualis of os frontale
• Surrounds cranial cavity dorsal, lareral and caudal
• Separated by median septum
• Septum sinuum frontalium (bo, su)
• Lamellae intersinuales

Equine:

• Extends throughout the entire os frontale
• Unites with sinus conchalis dorsalis - sinus conchofrontalis

Carnivores, horse, small ruminants:

• Dorsal part of skull between:
  
  • Cavum nasi
  • Cranial cavity
  • Orbits
• Septum medianus: right & left → sinus ethmoidalis

Question 13

Sinus palatinus

Answer 13

• Eq, ru (ø ca, sus)

Ruminants:

• Excavated the lamina horizontalis of os palatinum
• Extends into processus palatinus of maxilla
• Separated from nasal cavity by mucosa
• Sinus palatinus and sinus maxillaris communicate across canalis infraorbitalis through apertura maxillopalatina
  
  • ​Share a common apertura nasomaxillaris for access to nasal cavity

Equine:

• Ecxavated in lamina perpendicularis of os palatinum
• Opens rostrally into sinus maxillaris caudalis
• Sinus sphenopalatinus (eq): united caudally with sinus sphenoidales

Question 14

Sinus sphenoidalis

Answer 14

• Ø ca, small ru
• Separated by median septum
• Excavated in corpus of os praesphenoidale

Cat:

• In os presphenoidale
• Contains a part of endoturbinate IV (projects from nasal cavity)

Swine:

• Os presphenoidale and os basisphenoidale
• Opens into meatus ethmoidales

Ox:

• Corpus and ala of os presphenoidale

Horse:

• In os presphenoidale
• Sinus sphenopalatinus (eq): Communicate rostrally with sinus palatinus
• N. opticus
• N. chiasmaticus

Question 15

Sinus lacrimalis

Answer 15

Ru, su

• Excavates os lacrimale (ø bulla lacrimalis)

Swine:

• In os lacrimale
• Has its own access to meatus ethmoidales​

​​Ruminants:

• Entrance from sinus maxillaris
• Communicates with sinus maxillaris → meatus nasalis medius indirectly

Question 16

Sinus conchae dorsalis

Answer 16

Ø ca

Equine:

• Excavated the caudal part of concha nasalis dorsalis
• Connected with sinus frontalis - sinus conchofrontalis

Ruminants:

• Occupies the entire concha nasalis dorsalis

Question 17

Sinus conchae ventralis

Answer 17

• Eq, ox
• Located in the caudal part of concha nasalis ventralis

Equine:

• Connected with sinus maxillaris rostralis

Question 18

Draw the communication among sinus

Answer 18

Question 19

Draw paranasal sinuses in:

1. Horse
2. Dog
3. Ruminants

Answer 19