A21 - Art. femorotibialis and the medial muscles of the thigh

Question 1

Art. femorotibialis

Answer 1

• Art. condylaris (biaxial)
  
  • Movement:
    
    • Flexion - extension
    • Rotation (limited, due to the menisci)
• Art. duplex
• Between condylus femoris → condylus tibialis (proximal on tibia)
• Meniscus lateralis et medialis placed between each condylus femoralis to compensate for irregular surface
• Capsula articularis
  
  • ​Membrana fibrosa is attached to the articular surfaces and the meischi, completely enclosing the condylus femoralis lateralis et medialis
  • Membrana synovialis covers lig. cruciatum and forms a partition (eq: complete) between medial and lateral art. femorotibialis
    
    • ​Art. femorotibialis lateralis: 2 pouches
      
      • One pouch enshaths tendon of m. extensor digitorum longus
      • One pouch enshaths tendon of m. popliteus
• Ligaments can be divided into:
  
  • Ligaments of menisci
  • Ligaments of art. femorotibialis

Meniscal ligaments:

• Lig. craniale menisci laterale et mediale
  
  • ​Cranlial part of each meniscus → area intercondylaris lateralis et medialis
• Lig. caudale menisci laterale
  
  • ​Meniscus lateralis → incisura poplitea on tibia
• Lig. caudale menisci mediale
  
  • ​Meniscus medialis → area intracondylaris caudalis of tibia
• Meniscus lateralis
  
  • ​Lig. meniscofemorale
    
    • ​Meniscus lateralis, caudal → two menisci, cranial

Femorotibial ligaments:

• Lig. collaterale laterale
  
  • ​Epicondylus lateralis of femur → condylus lateralis of tibia & caput fibula
  • Underneath there is the tendon of m. popliteus​
• Lig. collaterale mediale
  
  • ​Epicondylus medialis of femur → condylus medialis, distal on tibia
  • Also attaches strongly to medial meniscus
• Ligg. cruciata genus
  
  • Lig. cruciatum craniale
    
    • ​Intracondylar area of the condylus lateralis femoris → area intracondylaris centralis on tibia
  • Lig. cruciatum caudale
    
    • ​​Intracondylar area of the condylus medialis femoris → incisura poplitea of tibia
• Lig. popliteum obliquum
  
  • ​Fibrous reinforcement in caudal wall of joint capsule

From nomenclature:

• Capsula articularis
• Corpus adiposum infrapatellare
• Recessus subextensorius
• Recessus subpopliteus
• Meniscus lateralis
  
  • Lig. meniscofemorale
• Meniscus medialis
• Lig. transversum genus (ø eq, bo)
• Ligg. meniscotibiales (cran./caud. – med./lat.)
• Ligg. cruciata genus
  
  • Lig. cruciatum craniale
  • Lig. cruciatum caudale
• Lig. collaterale laterale
• Lig. collaterale mediale
• Lig. popliteum obliquum

Question 2

Stifle joint, art. genus

Give the ligaments

Answer 2

Extracapsular ligaments:

• Retinaculum patellae (1)
  
  • From fascia lata and aponeurosis of muscle
  • Covers stifle
• Lig. patellae (2)
  
  • Continuation of m. quadriceps femoris tendon, the patella is a sesamoid bone in the tendon before patellar ligament inserts on tuberosita tibia
• Lig. collaterale laterale (3)
  
  • From epicondylus lateralis of femur → caput fibularis
  • A lesser part to condylus lateralis of tibia
  • Underneath there is the tendon of m. popliteus
• Lig. collaterale mediale (4)
  
  • Epicondylus medialis of femur → distal part of condylus medialis of tibia
  • Also attaches to meniscus medialis

Capsular ligaments:

• Lig. femoropatellare laterale (5)
  
  • Lateral sesamoid bone →
    
    • Patella
    • Epicondylus lateralis of femur
  • Reinforcement of join’t capsule
• Lig. femoropatellare mediale (6)
  
  • Medial sesamoid bone →
    
    • ​**Patella
    • Epicondylus lateralis of femur
  • Reinforcement of join’t capsule
• Lig. popliteum obliquum (23)
  
  • Reinforcement in caudal wall of joint capsule

Intracapsular ligaments:

• Lig. transversum genus (15)
  
  • Connects cranial angles of the two meniscus
• Ligg. meniscotibiales (cran/caud ends of both meniscus → tibia
  
  • ​Lig. craniale menisci laterale (16)
    
    • Area intercondylaris cranialis lateralis
  • Lig. craniale menisci mediale (17)
    
    • ​Area intercondylaris cranialis medialis
  • Lig. caudale menisci laterale (18)
    
    • incisura poplitea
  • Lig. caudale menisci mediale (19)
    
    • ​Area intercondylaris cuadalis
• Lig. cruticatum craniale (20)
  
  • Condylus lateralis of femur →Area intercondylaris caudalis of tibia
• Lig. cruticatum caudale (21)
  
  • Condylus medialis of femur →
    
    • Area intercondylaris caudalis of tibia
    • Incisura poplitea of tibia
• Lig. meniscofemorale (22)
  
  • ​Condylus medialis of femur → meniscus lateralis, caudal end

Synovial, protecting and fibrocartilaginous structure of stifle joint:

• Corpus adiposum infrapatellare (7)
  
  • ​Fatty tissue
  • Under lig. patellare
• Bursa infrapatellaris (8)
  
  • ​Under lig. patellare at tuberositas tibiae
• Recessus suprapatellaris (9)
  
  • ​Behind and above patella
• Recessus subextensorius (10)
  
  • ​Around tendon of m. extensor digitorum longus
• Recessus subpopliteus (11)
  
  • ​Around tendon of m. popliteus
• Meniscus medialis (12)
  
  • ​Fibrocartilage between femur and tibia
• Meniscus lateralis (13)
  
  • ​Fibrocartilage between femur and tibia
• Fibrocartilago parapatellaris (14)
  
  • Around patalla, on both sides

Question 3

Stifle joint, art. genus

Interspecies differences

Answer 3

• Lig. transversum genus (ø eq, bo)
• Lig. patellae mediale (eq, bo) (1)
• Lig. patellae intermedium (eq, bo) (2)
• Lig. patellae laterale (eq, bo) (3)
• Trochlea ossis femoris
  
  • Tuberculum trochlea ossis femoris (eq) (4)
• Cavities of the joint capsule (eq)
  
  • Femorotibial joint has separated medial, lateral cavities (which forms proximal, sacs)
  • Medial femorotibial joint communicates with femoropatellar joint cavity
• Lig. cruciatum craniale (eq)
  
  • Condylus lateralis of femur → area inercondylaris centralis of tibia

Question 4

Give the medial muscles of the thigh

Answer 4

• M. sartorius
  
  • ​Pars cranialis (ca)
  • Pars caudalis (ca)
• M. gracilis
  
  • ​Tendo symphysialis
• M. pectineus
• M. adductor
  
  • M. adductor longus
  • M. adductor magnus et brevis

Question 5

M. sartorius

Answer 5

Ca: divided into pars cranialis and pars caudalis

• Origin:
  
  • ​Crista iliaca
  • Spina iliaca cranialis ventralis
  • Thoracolumbar fascia
• Insertion:
  
  • ​Radiating into fascia lata and crural fascia
  • Pars cranialis: above stifle joint
  • Pars caudalis: below stifle joint, medially reaches crista tibia
• Action:
  
  • ​Flexes hip
  • Pars cranialis: extends stifle
  • Pars caudalis: flexes stifle
• Innervation: N. femoralis

Question 6

M. gracilis

Answer 6

• Origin: symphysis pelvis (by means of tendo symphysialis)
• Insertion
  
  • ​Crista tibia, medially
  • Fascia cruris
  • Tuber calcanei by tendo accesorius to common calcaneal tendon
• Action:
  
  • Adducts hindlimb
  • Extends hip
  • Flexes stifle
  • Extends tarsus
• Innervation: N. obturatorius

Question 7

M. pectineus

Answer 7

• Origin:
  
  • ​Pecten ossis pubis
  • Prepubic tendon
• Insertion:
  
  • ​Labium mediale of femur
• Action: Adduction of thigh
• Innervation:
  
  • ​N. obturatorius

Question 8

M. adductor

Answer 8

• M. adductor longus
• M. adductor magnus et brevis
• Origin: Mainly symphysis pelvis
  
  • M. adductor longus: Ramus cranialis of ossis pubis
  • M. adductor magnus et brevis:
    
    • Arising from symphysis pelvis (tendo symphysialis)
  • Ramus caudalis ossis pubis
  • Ramus ossis ischi
• Insertion: On femur
  
  • ​Facies aspera
  • Labium laterale
• Action:
  
  • ​Adducts hindlimb
  • Extends hip
• Innervation: N. obturatorius