cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

-what is individualist community?

Answer 1

-western, inpendance, importance on individual

Question 2

step one of SS?

Answer 2

-care giver takes infant into lab room to explore
-tests exploration and secure base

Question 3

step two of SS?

Answer 3

-stranger enters and approaches the infant
-stranger anxiety

Question 4

step three of SS

Answer 4

-the caregiver leaves unobtrusively and stranger interacts with infant
-tests separation and stranger anxiety

Question 5

step four of SS

Answer 5

-caregiver returns and stranger leaves
-tests reunion and exploration/base

Question 6

step five of SS

Answer 6

-caregiver leaves so infant is alone
-tests separation anxiety

Question 7

step six of SS

Answer 7

-stranger enters and interacts w infant
-stranger anxiety

Question 8

step seven of SS

Answer 8

-caregiver returns and greets infant
-tests reunion behavior

Question 9

what is communist community?

Answer 9

-interdependance, work together, share, childrearing, groups live and work together

Question 10

key point of the cross cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 10

-bowlby suggests attachment enhances survival
-secure attachment should then be most common for all despite culture (attachment is innate)
-if not every culture has secure attachment then attachment isnt innate and actually due to child rearing methods

Question 11

what is the middle ground in cross cultural variations attachment?

Answer 11

-variation between cultures related to specific cultural child rearing practices but some common ground e.g dominance of secure attachment

Question 12

what did Van ljzendoom and kroonenberg do?

Answer 12

-study to look at secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant
-look at variations within cultures
-32 studies of SS
-8 countries
-1990 children
-meta analysed(analysed and weighed up)

Question 13

what were Van ljzendoom and kroonenberg findings?

Answer 13

-wide variation in attachment
-secure common
-proportion varied = 75% britain and 50% china
-individualist countries under 14%
-collectivist above 25%

Question 14

what did the italian study simonelli do?

Answer 14

-70 babies aged 12months
- in SS

Question 15

what were the findings of the italian study simonelli do?

Answer 15

-50% were secure
-36% insecure avoidant
-higher than previous studies(insecure a)
-this bc young mothers worked alot and turn to professional day care

Question 16

what did the korean study Jin et al do?

Answer 16

-ss on 87 babies
-most secure
-most insecure resistant and one avoidant
-similar to japan as they have similar child rearing styles

Question 17

what can we conclude from cultural variations?

Answer 17

-SECURE ATTACHMENT= innate, universal and wide in many cultures
-BUT cultural practices have infulence of attachment type.

Question 18

evaluation limitations of cultural variations

Answer 18

(confounding variables)

-not usually matched in methodolgy; meta analysis
-e.g confounding factors; poverty, class, age
-room and toys for exploration different
-e.g less proxmixity seeking bc of room size might make a child more likely to be classified as avoidant
-more attractive toys
- non matching studies wont say much ab cross cultural patterns.
-makes it invalid

(imposed etic)
-cant assume one ideas culture works for other
-britain and us if theres lack of affection in reunion then its AVOIDANT **
-germany-** seen as INPENDENCE **
-MEASURED behavior not the same meaning in all countries
-theres diff cultural context so comparing is meaning less.

(competing explanations)
-alternative explanation
-media presents particular view of how parents and babies should behave
-may override traditional cultural differences in the way some kids are brought up

Question 19

evaluation of strenghts of cultural variations

Answer 19

e.g takahashi was japanese
kroonberg was working w a german team
-same background as participants
-avoid mis interpretations
-less chance of** language barrier**
-reduce bias e.g stereotypes
-good communication enhances validity

Question 20

What type of attachment are germany, japan and USA?

Answer 20

Germany- type A
Japan-type C
USA- type B