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Biology AQA A-level > Topic 8 Definitions > Flashcards

Topic 8 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is acetylation?

A

Addition of acetyl groups to histones

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2
Q

What is addition (gene mutation)?

A

Insertion of nucleotide bases into DNA

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3
Q

What does benign mean (tumour)?

A

Non-cancerous tumour

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4
Q

What is cancer?

A

Disease from metastasising tumour cells

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5
Q

What is a cellular proteome?

A

Proteins expressed in a cell type

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6
Q

What is cDNA?

A

DNA complementary to mRNA template

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7
Q

What is a complete proteome?

A

All proteins coded by the genome

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8
Q

What is deletion (gene mutation)?

A

Removal of nucleotide bases from DNA

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9
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cells becoming specialised for function

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10
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A

Combining single-stranded DNA with complementary fragments

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11
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

Enzyme joining sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

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12
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme synthesising double-stranded DNA

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13
Q

What is a DNA probe?

A

Segment of DNA locating specific alleles

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14
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Determining DNA nucleotide base sequence

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15
Q

What is duplication (gene mutation)?

A

Repeating nucleotide bases in DNA

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16
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Study of changes in gene expression not due to DNA sequence

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17
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Addition or deletion altering triplet codes

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18
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

Technique separating DNA fragments by size

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19
Q

What is a gene machine?

A

Method artificially manufacturing genes

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20
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

Change in nucleotide bases in DNA

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21
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Inserting functional genes into cells lacking them

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22
Q

What is a GMO?

A

Organism with altered genome

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23
Q

What is genetic counselling?

A

Providing information on genetic diseases

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24
Q

What is genetic fingerprinting?

A

Technique genetically identifying an organism

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25
What is genetic screening?
Testing individuals for faulty alleles
26
What is a genome?
Complete genetic material of an organism
27
What is hypermethylation?
Increased DNA methylation
28
What is hypomethylation?
Reduced DNA methylation
29
What are iPS cells?
Reprogrammed unipotent cells becoming pluripotent
30
What is inversion (gene mutation)?
Group of nucleotide bases breaking off and reattaching reversed
31
What does in vitro mean?
Procedure outside a living organism
32
What does in vivo mean?
Procedure inside a living organism
33
What does malignant mean (tumour)?
Cancerous tumour
34
What are marker genes?
Genes aiding identification of host cells with desired gene
35
What is metastasis?
Spread of cells from primary to secondary tumours
36
What is methylation?
Transfer of methyl groups to DNA
37
What are multipotent cells?
Stem cells differentiating into limited cell types
38
What is a mutagenic agent?
Agent increasing gene mutation rate
39
What is a mutation?
Random change in DNA
40
What is mutation rate?
Frequency of mutations per biological unit
41
What is non-coding DNA?
DNA controlling gene expression
42
What is oestrogen?
Steroid hormone initiating transcription
43
What are oncogenes?
Mutations of proto-oncogenes activated continuously
44
What is personalised medicine?
Healthcare customised to an individual's genotype
45
What are pluripotent cells?
Stem cells differentiating into almost all cell types
46
What is PCR?
Technique amplifying DNA fragments
47
What are primers?
Nucleotide sequences complementary to DNA fragments
48
What is a promoter?
DNA region where RNA polymerase binds
49
What are proto-oncogenes?
Genes stimulating cell division
50
What are recognition sequences?
DNA sequences cut by restriction enzymes
51
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA from two different organisms
52
What is recombinant DNA technology?
Transferring DNA segments between organisms
53
What are restriction endonucleases?
Enzymes cutting DNA at recognition sequences
54
What is reverse transcriptase?
Enzyme synthesising DNA from RNA
55
What is a risk factor?
Variable increasing disease chance
56
What is RNAi?
Method controlling gene expression by breaking down mRNA
57
What is a silent mutation?
Substitution producing same amino acid
58
What are stem cells?
Unspecialised cells differentiating into various cell types
59
What are sticky ends?
Staggered cuts formed by restriction endonucleases
60
What is substitution (gene mutation)?
Exchanging one nucleotide base for another
61
What is a terminator?
DNA region ending transcription
62
What is a thermocycler?
Machine varying temperatures for PCR
63
What are totipotent cells?
Stem cells differentiating into any cell type
64
What is transformation (bacteria)?
Reinserting plasmids into bacterial cells
65
What is a tumour?
Abnormal mass of cells
66
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes slowing cell division and repairing DNA
67
What are transcriptional factors?
Molecules initiating transcription
68
What is a transgenic organism?
Organism with recombinant DNA
69
What is translocation (gene mutation)?
Bases breaking off one chromosome and adding to another
70
What are unipotent cells?
Stem cells differentiating into a single cell type
71
What are VNTRs?
Repeated sequences of non-coding nucleotide bases
72
What is a vector?
Carrier transferring genes between organisms
73
What is WGS sequencing?
Sequencing an organism's entire genome

Biology AQA A-level (163 decks)

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