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Biology AQA A-level > Topic 5 Definitions > Flashcards

Topic 5 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is acetyl coenzyme A?

And how many carbon does it have?

A
  • A two-carbon molecule
  • formed in the link reaction
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2
Q

What is ATP?

A

Universal energy carrier in living cells

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3
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

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4
Q

What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ 6CO2 + 6H2O

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5
Q

What is ammonification?

A

Production of ammonia from organic nitrogen compounds

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6
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

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7
Q

What are artificial fertilisers?

A

Man-made compounds increasing soil mineral content

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8
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

Enzyme phosphorylating ADP to form ATP

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9
Q

What is biomass?

A

Total mass of organic material

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10
Q

What is calorimetry?

A

Technique to estimate chemical energy in dry biomass

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11
Q

What are carnivores?

A

Animals that eat other animals

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12
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

ATP synthesis through proton movement

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13
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Photosynthetic pigment absorbing light energy

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14
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Molecules helping enzymes function

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15
Q

What are consumers?

A

Organisms that feed on other organisms

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16
Q

What is denitrification?

A

Conversion of nitrate ions to nitrogen gas

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17
Q

What are denitrifying bacteria?

A

Bacteria reducing nitrate ions to nitrogen gas

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18
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Community of organisms and non-living components

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19
Q

What is the formula for efficiency of energy transfer?

A

(Energy available after the transfer / Energy available before the transfer) x 100

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20
Q

What is the electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain?

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

What is the equation for the final electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain?

A

1⁄2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ ⟶ H2O

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22
Q

What is the electron transfer chain?

A

Series of electron carriers transferring electrons

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23
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Excessive nutrient enrichment of water

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24
Q

What is FAD?

A

Carrier molecule reduced in the Krebs cycle

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25
What is a food chain?
Feeding relationships and biomass transfer stages
26
What is the form of a food chain?
producer ⟶ primary consumer ⟶ secondary consumer ⟶ tertiary consumer
27
What is a food web?
Interconnection of many food chains
28
What is glycerate 3-phosphate (GP)?
Three-carbon molecule reduced in the Calvin cycle
29
What is glycolysis?
Glucose breakdown into pyruvate
30
What is gross primary production (GPP)?
Total chemical energy stored in plant biomass
31
What are herbivores?
Animals that eat plants
32
What is the Krebs cycle?
Oxidation-reduction reactions in the mitochondrial matrix
33
What is leaching?
Loss of nutrients from soil by rainwater
34
What is the light-dependent reaction?
Light energy used to produce ATP and reduced NADP
35
What is the light-independent reaction?
Calvin cycle
36
What is a limiting factor?
Variable limiting reaction rate
37
What is the link reaction?
Pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
38
What is the overall equation for the link reaction?
Pyruvate + NAD + CoA ⟶ acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2
39
What are mycorrhizae?
Mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots
40
What is NAD?
Carrier molecule reduced in aerobic respiration
41
What is NADP?
Carrier molecule reduced in photosynthesis
42
What are natural fertilisers?
Dead and decaying organic matter
43
What is net primary productivity (NPP)?
GPP minus respiratory losses
44
What is the formula for net primary productivity (NPP)?
net primary production (NPP) = gross primary production (GPP) − respiratory losses (R)
45
What is the formula for net production of consumers (N)?
N = I − (F + R)
46
What is nitrification?
Conversion of ammonium ions to nitrate ions
47
What are nitrifying bacteria?
Bacteria oxidising ammonium ions to nitrate ions
48
What is the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen movement between organisms and environment
49
What is nitrogen fixation?
Conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds
50
What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Bacteria converting nitrogen gas to nitrogen compounds
51
What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons
52
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthesis from reduced coenzymes and oxygen
53
What is the phosphorus cycle?
Phosphorus movement between organisms and environment
54
What is photoionisation?
Chlorophyll molecule ionisation by light
55
What is photolysis?
Water splitting in the presence of light
56
What is the equation for photolysis?
H2O ⟶ 2H+ + 2e- + 1⁄2O2
57
What is photosynthesis?
Complex metabolic pathway using light energy
58
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ⟶ C6H12O6 + 6O2
59
What is primary productivity?
Rate of energy fixed by photosynthesis
60
What are producers?
Photosynthetic organisms at the start of the food chain
61
What is pyruvate?
Three-carbon molecule produced in glycolysis
62
What is reduction?
Gain of electrons
63
What is ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?
Five-carbon compound reacting with carbon dioxide
64
What is rubisco?
Enzyme catalysing RuBP and carbon dioxide reaction
65
What are saprobionts?
Microorganisms breaking down dead material
66
What is secondary productivity?
Rate of animal biomass conversion
67
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
ATP synthesis by phosphate group transfer
68
What is triose phosphate (TP)?
Three-carbon compound formed in the Calvin cycle
69
What is a trophic level?
Position of an organism in a food chain

Biology AQA A-level (163 decks)

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